Anesthetics attenuate ischemia-reperfusion induced renal injury: effects and mechanisms.

Acute kidney injury (AKI) secondary to ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is a major cause of patient morbidity and mortality in the perioperative period. It can lead to new onset of chronic kidney disease and accelerate its progression. Patients with risk factors undergoing cardiac, vascular, and liver transplantation surgeries, which may inevitably involve IRI, are more susceptible to AKI.

Simulation training: a systematic review of simulation in arthroscopy and proposal of a new competency-based training framework.

Introduction: Traditional orthopaedic training has followed an apprenticeship model whereby trainees enhance their skills by operating under guidance. However the introduction of limitations on training hours and shorter training programmes mean that alternative training strategies are required.

Aims: To perform a literature review on simulation training in arthroscopy and devise a framework that structures different simulation techniques that could be used in arthroscopic training.

A local reference frame for describing the proximal human femur: application in clinical settings.

Objective: The conventional reference frame for the femur has limited relevance for the planning of hip surgery as the femoral neck axis, a crucial reference for surgeons, has to be independently derived. The purpose of this study is to develop and validate a reliable frame of reference for the proximal femur that can be applied in clinical settings.

Materials And Methods: Ten three-dimensional models of femurs were obtained.