Ternary Pt-Ru-Ni catalytic layers for methanol electrooxidation prepared by electrodeposition and galvanic replacement.

Ternary Pt-Ru-Ni deposits on glassy carbon substrates, Pt-Ru(Ni)/GC, have been formed by initial electrodeposition of Ni layers onto glassy carbon electrodes, followed by their partial exchange for Pt and Ru, upon their immersion into equimolar solutions containing complex ions of the precious metals. The overall morphology and composition of the deposits has been studied by SEM microscopy and EDS spectroscopy. Continuous but nodular films have been confirmed, with a Pt ÷ Ru ÷ Ni % bulk atomic composition ratio of 37 ÷ 12 ÷ 51 (and for binary Pt-Ni control systems of 47 ÷ 53).

Assessment of reclaimed municipal wastewater application on rice cultivation.

Field research was carried out to assess the effects of the application of reclaimed municipal wastewater on rice cultivation in Thessaloniki, Greece during a 2-year period (1999-2000). Effects on production cost, soil composition, and health risk were examined. A randomized complete block design was used for the paddy field with three treatments and four replicates.