Radar for Europa Assessment and Sounding: Ocean to Near-Surface (REASON).

The Radar for Europa Assessment and Sounding: Ocean to Near-surface (REASON) is a dual-frequency ice-penetrating radar (9 and 60 MHz) onboard the Europa Clipper mission. REASON is designed to probe Europa from exosphere to subsurface ocean, contributing the third dimension to observations of this enigmatic world. The hypotheses REASON will test are that (1) the ice shell of Europa hosts liquid water, (2) the ice shell overlies an ocean and is subject to tidal flexing, and (3) the exosphere, near-surface, ice shell, and ocean participate in material exchange essential to the habitability of this moon.

Value of Including the Children's Experience for Improving Their Rights During Hospitalization: Protocol for the VoiCEs Project.

Background: Users' feedback is a key asset for organizations that want to improve their services. Studying how organizations are enabling their users to participate in evaluation activities is particularly important, especially when there are vulnerable or disadvantaged people, and the services to be evaluated can be life-changing. This is the case in the coassessment by pediatric patients experiencing hospital stay.

IMAgiNE EURO: Data for action on quality of maternal and newborn care in 20 European countries during the COVID-19 pandemic.

A summary of the findings in the Supplement, highlighting the heterogeneity in reported quality of maternity care and inequalities within and between countries in the European region.

Prevalence of breastfeeding and birth practices during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic within the Italian Baby-Friendly Hospital network. What have we learned?

Background: At the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, healthcare workers were faced with difficult decisions about maternity care practices. The evidence-based practices recommended by the WHO/UNICEF Baby Friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI) were confirmed by Italian national guidance.

Aim: To describe, in a number of facilities that are part of a national Baby-Friendly network, the adherence to some steps of BFHI standards during the COVID-19 emergency.

Faculty, Preceptor, and Students' Perceptions of the Need for Trauma-Informed Education: Recommendations for Implementation.

Background: The widespread physical, mental, and emotional health impacts of trauma are well established. Trauma-informed care (TIC) is an approach that uses knowledge about trauma and its effects to create safe care environments.

Purpose: Using a concurrent mixed-methods design, this study assessed faculty, preceptor, and students' perceptions about the need for TIC content in nursing education.

Maternal and Infant Outcomes Associated with Maternity Practices Related to COVID-19: The COVID Mothers Study.

Maternity care practices such as skin-to-skin care, rooming-in, and direct breastfeeding are recommended, but it is unclear if these practices increase the risk of clinically significant COVID-19 in newborns, and if disruption of these practices adversely affects breastfeeding. We performed a retrospective cohort study of 357 mothers and their infants <12 months who had confirmed or suspected COVID-19. Subjects came from an anonymous worldwide online survey between May 4 and September 30, 2020, who were recruited through social media, support groups, and health care providers.

Verba volant, scripta manent: breastfeeding information and health messages provided to parents in the neonatal discharge summary in the Lazio Region, Italy.

Objective: We aimed to evaluate the contents of the neonatal discharge summary (NDS), an important communication tool that should contain evidence-based information.

Methods: A quali-quantitative study of NDSs delivered from 29 hospitals of Lazio (Italy) in 2014 and 2017 was conducted. We used content analysis to assess the written information and logistic regression to estimate the association between outcomes (compliance with the International Code, health messages, and information on neonatal screenings) and some hospital's characteristics.

Trauma-informed education: Creating and pilot testing a nursing curriculum on trauma-informed care.

Background: Trauma is a significant contributor to morbidity and mortality. Trauma-informed care (TIC) provides a safe and supportive healthcare environment for patients who have experienced trauma. Educating healthcare providers improves knowledge, attitudes, and skills related to TIC.

Investigation Into the Pharmacist's Role in Breastfeeding Support in the "Roma B" Local Health Authority in Rome.

Breastfeeding is the biological norm for feeding infants and a public health strategy with such a significant impact on the health of the population in the short, medium, and long terms that it should be considered a priority. A pharmacy can be a place for breastfeeding support, since it is open 24 hours a day and is easily accessible. The main objective of our fact-finding investigation into the breastfeeding support role of pharmacists in the "Roma B" Local Health Authority was to understand how often pharmacists came into contact with nursing mothers, and if pharmacists felt the need to have a greater knowledge of issues regarding breastfeeding.

Point-of-care Ultrasound Aiding in the Diagnosis of Herlyn-Werner-Wunderlich Syndrome.

We present a case of a 12-year-old female with a history of congenital solitary kidney presenting to an academic pediatric emergency department (ED) in acute abdominal pain. Using ultrasound as the initial diagnostic modality, the patient was found to have Herlyn-Werner-Wunderlich syndrome (HWWS), an abnormal development of the Müllerian system during embryogenesis resulting in obstructed hemivagina with resulting hematometrocolpos. The patient presented with undifferentiated abdominopelvic pain, and in the course of the ED workup was diagnosed with a disorder infrequently encountered by emergency physicians.

Skin-to-Skin Contact in Cesarean Birth and Duration of Breastfeeding: A Cohort Study.

Early skin-to-skin contact (SSC) after birth is a physiological practice that is internationally recommended and has well-documented importance for the baby and for the mother. This study aims to examine SSC with a cohort of mothers or fathers in the operating room after a Cesarean section (C-section) and its relationship with duration of breastfeeding. From January 1, 2012, to December 31, 2012, at the Castelli Hospital in Verbania, Italy, a Baby Friendly designated hospital, 252 consecutive women who had a C-section were enrolled in the study and followed for 6 months.

E-learning to Improve Healthcare Professionals' Attitudes and Practices on Breastfeeding.

Introduction: Breastfeeding training has a crucial role in increasing healthcare professionals' attitudes and in improving professional support for breastfeeding. The collaboration between the Italian National Institute of Health, UNICEF, and the Local Health Authority of Milan has led to the development of an online course on lactation and infant feeding practices.

Aim: To assess if the course was effective in improving healthcare professionals' attitudes and practices (APs).

Effectiveness of the Baby Friendly Community Initiative in Italy: a non-randomised controlled study.

Objective: To assess the effectiveness of the Baby Friendly Community Initiative (BFCI) on exclusive breast feeding at 6 months.

Design: Controlled, non-randomised trial.

Setting: 18 Local Health Authorities in 9 regions of Italy.

The Difficulties in Antihypertensive Drug Prescription During Lactation: Is the Information Consistent?

Introduction: The lack of consistent official information on the use of medications during lactation is probably one of the main reasons leading to an excess of prudence, based on presumption of risk rather than on evidence. The objective of this study was to compare the level of agreement between different official sources available to doctors and women on the use of medications during lactation.

Materials And Methods: Sources of information included governmental regulatory agencies (RAs) and scientific sources (SS).

Breastfeeding initiation rates among immigrant women in central Italy between 2006 and 2011.

Objective: This study was aimed at evaluating differences in breastfeeding initiation rates by maternal place of birth among women giving birth in one of 14 hospitals in Lazio, Italy, between 2006 and 2011.

Methods: The data on 14 hospitals for this study were taken from a survey on healthy newborns carried out during the month of October each year. It collected information on maternal characteristics and infant feeding during the hospital stay.

A controlled study on baby-friendly communities in Italy: methods and baseline data.

Aim: This study reports the research methods and baseline data of a project aimed at assessing the effect of an intervention based on the 7 Steps of the Baby Friendly Community Initiative (BFCI) on the rate of exclusive breastfeeding at 6 months in Italy.

Subjects And Methods: In this controlled, nonrandomized study, nine Local Health Authorities were assigned to an early and nine to a late intervention group. Data on breastfeeding in infants followed up from birth to 12 months were gathered at baseline and in two subsequent rounds, after the 7 Steps were implemented in the early and late intervention groups, respectively.

Establishing the Baby-Friendly Community Initiative in Italy: development, strategy, and implementation.

Background: The Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative (BFHI), developed by the World Health Organization and the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) to promote breastfeeding in maternity facilities worldwide, has had a global impact on breastfeeding outcomes, but other interventions are needed both before and after hospital discharge to meet the recommended targets at 6 months. The Baby-Friendly Community Initiative (BFCI), a multifaceted program for community-based breastfeeding promotion that is complementary to the BFHI, addresses this challenge.

Objective: To describe the development, strategy, and implementation of the BFCI in Italy.

Cell proliferation in human epiretinal membranes: characterization of cell types and correlation with disease condition and duration.

Purpose: To quantify the extent of cellular proliferation and immunohistochemically characterize the proliferating cell types in epiretinal membranes (ERMS) from four different conditions: proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR), proliferative diabetic retinopathy, post-retinal detachment, and idiopathic ERM.

Methods: Forty-six ERMs were removed from patients undergoing vitrectomy and immediately fixed in paraformaldehyde. The membranes were processed whole and immunolabeled with either anti-MIB-1 or anti-SP6 to detect the K(i)-67 protein in proliferating cells, in combination with anti-glial fibrillary acidic protein or anti-vimentin to identify glia, anti-ezrin to identify retinal pigment epithelial cells, Ricinus communis to identify immune cells, and Hoechst to label nuclei.

Submillimetre galaxies reside in dark matter haloes with masses greater than 3 × 10(11) solar masses.

The extragalactic background light at far-infrared wavelengths comes from optically faint, dusty, star-forming galaxies in the Universe with star formation rates of a few hundred solar masses per year. These faint, submillimetre galaxies are challenging to study individually because of the relatively poor spatial resolution of far-infrared telescopes. Instead, their average properties can be studied using statistics such as the angular power spectrum of the background intensity variations.

International short-term medical service trips: guidelines from the literature and perspectives from the field.

The increasing interest in practising medicine overseas has outpaced research conducted to evaluate its effectiveness and the development of guidelines from evidence-based best practices. Short-term medical teams regularly travel to provide medical care, yet there is little research on the impact or practices of these missions. This study assessed current practices and challenges of short-term medical service teams, using questionnaire-based interviews of 40 participants in recent medical service trips.

The fate of Müller's glia following experimental retinal detachment: nuclear migration, cell division, and subretinal glial scar formation.

Purpose: To study the fate of Müller's glia following experimental retinal detachment, using a "pulse/chase" paradigm of bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) labeling for the purpose of understanding the role of Müller cell division in subretinal scar formation.

Methods: Experimental retinal detachments were created in pigmented rabbit eyes, and 3 days later 10 microg of BrdU was injected intravitreally. The retinas were harvested 4 h after the BrdU was administered (i.

Adverse safety events in chronic kidney disease: the frequency of "multiple hits".

Background And Objectives: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) lacks standardized patient safety indicators (PSIs); however, undetected safety events are likely to contribute to adverse outcomes in this disease. This study sought to determine the proportion of CKD patients who experience multiple potentially hazardous events from varied causes and to identify risk factors for the occurrence of "multiple hits."

Design, Setting, Participants, & Measurements: A sample of patients with CKD (n = 70,154) in the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) were retrospectively examined for the occurrence of one or more safety events from a set of indicators defined a priori, including Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) PSIs, hypoglycemia, hyperkalemia, and dosing for selected medications not accounting for CKD.

The pivotal role of the complement system in aging and age-related macular degeneration: hypothesis re-visited.

During the past ten years, dramatic advances have been made in unraveling the biological bases of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the most common cause of irreversible blindness in western populations. In that timeframe, two distinct lines of evidence emerged which implicated chronic local inflammation and activation of the complement cascade in AMD pathogenesis. First, a number of complement system proteins, complement activators, and complement regulatory proteins were identified as molecular constituents of drusen, the hallmark extracellular deposits associated with early AMD.