Runaway electrons and their interaction with tungsten wall: a comprehensive study of effects.

Runaway electrons are a notable phenomenon occurring during the operation of a tokamak. Proper material selection for the tokamak's first wall structure and plasma facing components, particularly in large sizes tokamaks like ITER and DEMO, is crucial due to the energy deposition of runaway electrons on plasma facing components during collision events, resulting in severe heat transfer and material damage in the form of melting, corrosion, and fracture. These runaway electrons also contribute to the production of photoneutrons through (γ, n) nuclear reactions, lead to material activation and require remote handling.