Complications of proximal hypospadias repair with transverse preputial island flap urethroplasty: a 15-year experience with long-term follow-up.

There is still debate regarding the optimal surgical approach for proximal hypospadias. This retrospective study aims to evaluate the long-term outcomes using transverse preputial island flap urethroplasty. A total of 320 patients were included, with a mean follow-up of 40.

Vitamin A deficiency aggravates iron deficiency by upregulating the expression of iron regulatory protein-2.

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanism between vitamin A deficiency and anemia.

Methods: In this study, we performed animal and in vitro experiments to investigate the effect of vitamin A deficiency on iron regulator protein-2 (IRP2). In animal experiments, four parallel groups of rats were fed a control diet, a diet completely deficient in vitamin A, a diet marginally deficiency in vitamin A, and a diet marginally deficient in iron and vitamin A, respectively, for 8 wk.