Fluoride induces osteoblast autophagy by inhibiting the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway and .

Fluorosis primarily manifests as bone damage in the form of dental fluorosis and skeletal fluorosis and represents a critical global public health challenge. However, few studies have examined autophagy-related signaling pathways in skeletal fluorosis. This study aimed to investigate the effect of fluoride on autophagy in osteoblasts using comprehensive methods and to explore the role of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway in regulating fluoride-induced autophagy in osteoblasts.

Pathological Analysis and Endoscopic Characteristics of Colorectal Laterally Spreading Tumors.

Objective: This study aims to analyze the endoscopic and pathological characteristics of colorectal laterally spreading tumors (LSTs) to assist malignant risk stratification to inform selection of the appropriate treatment strategy.

Methods: Patients with colorectal LST were selected as retrospective study objects. Characteristics, including endoscopic findings and the most common site of LSTs of different diameters and histological types, were analyzed.

[Expression of calcineurin and nuclear factor of activated T cells 1 in testis of rats with chronic fluorosis].

Objective: To discuss the significance of calcineurin (CaN) and nuclear factor of active T cells 1 (NFATc1) in the damage mechanism of the testis of rats with chronic fluorosis.

Methods: Eighteen clear class SD male rats, aging 6 week-old, were randomly divided into 3 groups, 6 rats in each. The rats of control group were fed with tap water (NaF < 1 mg/L) and the experimental rats were exposed to NaF (lower group: 5 mg/L, higher group: 50 mg/L) to established the chronic fluorosis model.

[Expression of mRNA and protein of p38, Osx, PI3K and Akt1 in rat bone with chronic fluorosis].

Objective: To investigate the expressions of mRNA and protein of p38, Osx, PI3K, Akt1 in the rats bone with chronic fluorosis.

Methods: Dental fluorosis were observed and the fluoride contents in the urine and bone were detected by fluorin-ion selective electrode. The morphologic changes and ultrastructure of rats' bone were observed by light and electronic microscopy.