Existence of Bov-B LINE Retrotransposons in Snake Lineages Reveals Recent Multiple Horizontal Gene Transfers with Copy Number Variation.

Transposable elements (TEs) are dynamic elements present in all eukaryotic genomes. They can "jump" and amplify within the genome and promote segmental genome rearrangements on both autosomes and sex chromosomes by disruption of gene structures. The Bovine-B long interspersed nuclear element (Bov-B LINE) is among the most abundant TE-retrotransposon families in vertebrates due to horizontal transfer (HT) among vertebrate lineages.

Characterization of centromeric satellite DNAs (MALREP) in the Asian swamp eel (Monopterus albus) suggests the possible origin of repeats from transposable elements.

Centromeric satellite DNA (cen-satDNA) sequences of the Asian swamp eel (Monopterus albus) were characterized. Three GC-rich cen-satDNA sequences were detected as a 233 bp MALREP-A and a 293 bp MALREP-B localized to all chromosomes, and a 293 bp MALREP-C distributed on eight chromosome pairs. Sequence lengths of MALREP-B and MALREP-C were 60 bp larger than that of MALREP-A, showing partial homology with core sequences (233 bp).

Do sex chromosomes of snakes, monitor lizards, and iguanian lizards result from multiple fission of an "ancestral amniote super-sex chromosome"?

Sex chromosomes in some amniotes share linkage homologies with distantly related taxa in regions orthologous to squamate reptile chromosome 2 (SR2) and the snake W sex chromosome. Thus, the SR2 and W chromosomes may formerly have been part of a larger ancestral amniote super-sex chromosome. Comparison of various sex chromosomal linkage homologies in Toxicofera with those in other amniotes offers an excellent model to assess key cytological differences, to understand the mechanisms of amniote sex chromosome evolution in each lineage and the existence of an ancestral amniote super-sex chromosome.

Actinomadura syzygii sp. nov., an endophytic actinomycete isolated from the roots of a jambolan plum tree (Syzygium cumini L. Skeels).

The taxonomic position of an endophytic actinomycete, strain GKU 157T, isolated from the roots of a jambolan plum tree (Syzygium cumini L. Skeels) collected at Khao Khitchakut National Park, Chantaburi province, Thailand, was determined using a polyphasic taxonomic approach. 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that strain GKU 157T belongs to the genus Actinomadura and formed a distinct phyletic line with Actinomadura chibensis NBRC 106107T (98.

Nonomuraea syzygii sp. nov., an endophytic actinomycete isolated from the roots of a jambolan plum tree (Syzygium cumini L. Skeels).

A novel endophytic actinomycete, designated strain GKU 164(T), was isolated from the roots of a jambolan plum tree (Syzygium cumini L. Skeels), collected at Khao Khitchakut National Park, Chantaburi province, Thailand. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that the strain formed a distinct clade within the genus Nonomuraea , and was most closely related to Nonomuraea monospora PT708(T) (98.

Plant growth enhancing effects by a siderophore-producing endophytic streptomycete isolated from a Thai jasmine rice plant (Oryza sativa L. cv. KDML105).

An endophytic Streptomyces sp. GMKU 3100 isolated from roots of a Thai jasmine rice plant (Oryza sativa L. cv.

Maklamicin, an antibacterial polyketide from an endophytic Micromonospora sp.

A new spirotetronate-class polyketide, maklamicin (1), was isolated from the culture extract of an endophytic actinomycete of the genus Micromonospora. The structure and relative configuration of 1 were elucidated by interpretation of NMR and other spectroscopic data, and the absolute configuration was determined using the modified Mosher method. Maklamicin (1) showed strong to modest antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria.

Actinoallomurus oryzae sp. nov., an endophytic actinomycete isolated from roots of a Thai jasmine rice plant.

The novel strain GMKU 370(T) was isolated from roots of a Thai jasmine rice plant (Oryza sativa L. 'KDML 105') collected from Pathum Thani Rice Research Center, Pathum Thani province, Thailand. A phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain GMKU 370(T) formed a distinct clade within the genus Actinoallomurus.

Actinophytocola oryzae gen. nov., sp. nov., isolated from the roots of Thai glutinous rice plants, a new member of the family Pseudonocardiaceae.

A novel endophytic actinomycete, strain GMKU 367(T), was isolated from roots of Thai glutinous rice plants (Oryza sativa L. 'RD6') collected from Pathum Thani Rice Research Center, Pathum Thani province, Thailand. Strain GMKU 367(T) formed cylindrical spores on aerial mycelium, but sporangium-like structures and fragmentation of substrate mycelium were not observed.

Actinoallomurus acaciae sp. nov., an endophytic actinomycete isolated from Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex Benth.

A novel endophytic actinomycete, strain GMKU 931(T), was isolated from the root of a wattle tree, Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. ex Benth.