The difference in physical and mental fatigue development between novice young adult and experienced middle-aged adult drivers during simulated automated driving.

Introduction: Novice young adult drivers are at higher risk of being involved in an accident. Many studies have studied young adult drivers' risk-taking behaviors under manual driving conditions. However, limited studies have examined novice young adult drivers' fatigue during driving.

Correction: The impact of green bond issuance on carbon emission intensity and path analysis.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.

The impact of green bond issuance on carbon emission intensity and path analysis.

Reducing carbon emission intensity is crucial for achieving sustainable development. Carbon emission intensity is expressively affected by the issuance of green bonds. Thus, it is imperative to assess the influence of green bond issuance on carbon emissions and examine their correlation.

The effects of various auditory takeover requests: A simulated driving study considering the modality of non-driving-related tasks.

With the era of automated driving approaching, designing an effective auditory takeover request (TOR) is critical to ensure automated driving safety. The present study investigated the effects of speech-based (speech and spearcon) and non-speech-based (earcon and auditory icon) TORs on takeover performance and subjective preferences. The potential impact of the non-driving-related task (NDRT) modality on auditory TORs was considered.

The effect of font boldness, noise disturbance and time pressure on human error in the context of cloud change operation.

This study investigated the number of operator errors, task completion time, and workload of subjects at different levels by imposing conditions such as focused text boldness, noise disturbance, and time pressure to simulate a realistic cloud change business process in the laboratory. Results of the study showed that the text bolding of important content reduced the number of errors, whereas noise interference increased the number of errors. Text boldness only reduced the number of corrected errors, and noise interference only increased the number of uncorrected errors.

Enhanced Electrochemical Performance of a Ti-Cr-Doped LiMnNiO Cathode Material for Lithium-Ion Batteries.

Ti, Cr dual-element-doped LiMnNiO (LNMO) cathode materials (LTNMCO) were synthesized by a simple high-temperature solid-phase method. The obtained LTNMCO shows the standard structure of the 3 space group, and the Ti and Cr doped ions may replace the Ni and Mn sites in LNMO, respectively. The effect of Ti-Cr doping and single-element doping on the structure of LNMO was studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) characteristics.

Inattentional blindness to unexpected hazard in augmented reality head-up display assisted driving: The impact of the relative position between stimulus and augmented graph.

Objective: An augmented reality head-up display (AR-HUD) is a promising technology in assisted driving. It provides additional information in the driving environment. However, considering the registration problem related to the limitations of interactive technology, we suspect that an AR-HUD may not be able to recognize unpredictable stimuli in a timely manner, inducing inattentional blindness to these non-augmented stimuli.

When to use vibrotactile displays? A meta-analysis for the role of vibrotactile displays in human-computer interaction.

Objective: This study aims to investigate the benefits of unimodal tactile displays relative to other modal displays and the performance gains of adding redundant tactile displays by integrating empirical studies.

Background: Tactile displays have attracted increasing attention in recent years due to their unique advantages. Synthesizing experimental data is necessary to analyze the performance benefits of tactile displays for participants and better help practitioners in utilizing them.

Which accuracy levels of positioning technologies do drivers really need in connected vehicle settings for safety?

Based on Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) and Internet of Vehicles (IoV), collision warning systems can provide drivers specific warning information such as the position of hazardous vehicles. However, positioning technologies vary in accuracy. Highly accurate positioning technologies are theoretically favorable for driving safety but are relatively difficult to use widely due to the high cost.

Optimal Time Intervals in Two-Stage Takeover Warning Systems With Insight Into the Drivers' Neuroticism Personality.

Conditional automated driving [level 3, Society of Automotive Engineers (SAE)] requires drivers to take over the vehicle when an automated system's failure occurs or is about to leave its operational design domain. Two-stage warning systems, which warn drivers in two steps, can be a promising method to guide drivers in preparing for the takeover. However, the proper time intervals of two-stage warning systems that allow drivers with different personalities to prepare for the takeover remain unclear.

Promote or inhibit: An inverted U-shaped effect of workload on driver takeover performance.

Objective: In conditional automated driving (SAE Level 3), drivers are required to take over their vehicles when the automated systems fail. Non-driving related tasks (NDRTs) can positively or negatively affect takeover safety, but the underlying reasons for this inconsistency remain unclear. This study aims to investigate how various workload levels generated by NDRTs may influence the takeover performance of drivers and the lead time they require.

Effect of highway directional signs on driver mental workload and behavior using eye movement and brain wave.

The rapid development of expressways has led to an increasing number of place names that must be displayed on road guide signs. As a result, multi-board guide signs have been increasingly set up on expressways. The main aim of this study was to analyze the effect of the directional road sign displayed on multi and single-board signs on driver mental workload and behavior.

Structural Equation Modeling of Drivers' Situation Awareness Considering Road and Driver Factors.

Driver's situation awareness (SA) is one of the key elements that affect driving decision-making and driving behavior. SA is influenced by many factors, and previous studies have focused only on individual factors. This study presents a comprehensive study to explore the path relationships and influence mechanism between SA and all influential factors, including road characteristics, driver characteristics and states, distracting elements, and cognitive ability.

Impact of Learning Methods on Spatial Knowledge Acquisition.

Research on the acquisition of spatial knowledge not only enriches our understanding of the theory of spatial knowledge representation but also creates practical value for the application of spatial knowledge. The aim of this study is to understand the impact of different learning methods on the acquisition of spatial knowledge, including the role of 2D maps, the difference between physical interaction and virtual interaction, and whether passive learning can replace active learning in virtual environments. One experiment was conducted, in which landmark knowledge and configurational knowledge were measured.

Type 2 diabetes can undermine driving performance of middle-aged male drivers through its deterioration of perceptual and cognitive functions.

It has been widely agreed that it is risky for patients with diabetes to drive during hypoglycemia. However, driving during non-hypoglycemia may also bring certain safety hazards for some patients with diabetes. Based on previous studies on diabetes-related to early aging effect, as well as gender differences in health belief and driving behavior, we have hypothesized that middle-aged male drivers with type 2 diabetes, compared with the control healthy ones, may experience a decline in driving performance without awareness.

Looking for an optimal pedal layout to improve the driving performance of patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy.

Diabetes can undermine people's ability to drive safely, but most previous studies have focused on its deterioration of the central nervous system. This study sought to investigate how diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN), a common complication of diabetes characterized by reduced sensitivity of the limbs, can influence people's braking behavior and other safety-related measures of driving. In addition, it also tested how such a deteriorating effect can be reduced by using certain pedal layout designs.

The effects of warning characteristics on driver behavior in connected vehicles systems with missed warnings.

With emerging new technologies, the vehicles in the future with connected vehicle systems (CVS) will be equipped with the ability to communicate with each other and aim to provide drivers with information in a timely and reliable way to improve driver safety. This study was designed to investigate the interaction effects of warning lead time (2.5 s vs.

The Five Key Questions of Human Performance Modeling.

Via building computational (typically mathematical and computer simulation) models, human performance modeling (HPM) quantifies, predicts, and maximizes human performance, human-machine system productivity and safety. This paper describes and summarizes the five key questions of human performance modeling: 1) Why we build models of human performance; 2) What the expectations of a good human performance model are; 3) What the procedures and requirements in building and verifying a human performance model are; 4) How we integrate a human performance model with system design; and 5) What the possible future directions of human performance modeling research are. Recent and classic HPM findings are addressed in the five questions to provide new thinking in HPM's motivations, expectations, procedures, system integration and future directions.

Display of required crossing speed improves pedestrian judgment of crossing possibility at clearance phase.

At crosswalks with countdown timers, pedestrians arriving at the clearance phase tend to start crossing when the remaining time is too short. It is unclear whether this phenomenon is due to errors in judging the possibility to finish crossing before signal lights turning red. This study evaluated and compared pedestrians' accuracy in judgment of crossing possibility based on two cues: the amount of remaining time, and the minimum required speed to finish crossing within clearance phase (road width / remaining time).

Data Mining on Numeric Error in Computerized Physician Order Entry System Prescriptions.

This study revealed the numeric error patterns related to dosage when doctors prescribed in computerized physician order entry system. Error categories showed that the '6','7', and '9' key produced a higher incidence of errors in Numpad typing, while the '2','3', and '0' key produced a higher incidence of errors in main keyboard digit line typing. Errors categorized as omission and substitution were higher in prevalence than transposition and intrusion.

Cross or wait? Pedestrian decision making during clearance phase at signalized intersections.

Pedestrians arriving at clearance phase (Flashing Don't Walk) face different levels of risk depending on behavioral choice afterwards. However, few studies have focused on the choices pedestrians make during this phase. This field study analyzed pedestrian choices after arrival, evaluated safety of the choices, and built a model to identify the predictors of pedestrian choices.

An investigation of perceived vehicle speed from a driver's perspective.

Purpose: Speed estimation of drivers' own vehicles and other vehicles on the road is an important task for drivers and is also crucial to the roadway safety. The objective of the study was to examine the effects of multiple factors such as image scale, speed, road type, driving experience, and gender on the speed perception of drivers' own vehicles.

Methods: Thirty participants consisted of 17 males and 13 females, including 13 without driving experience.

Drinking and driving behavior at stop signs and red lights.

Alcohol is one of the principal risk factors for motor vehicle crashes. One factor that contributes to vehicle crashes is noncompliance with stop signs and red lights. The present experiment investigated the effects of alcohol and drinking patterns on driving behavior at stop signs and red lights.