From Material to Cameras: Low-Dimensional Photodetector Arrays on CMOS.

The last two decades have witnessed a dramatic increase in research on low-dimensional material with exceptional optoelectronic properties. While low-dimensional materials offer exciting new opportunities for imaging, their integration in practical applications has been slow. In fact, most existing reports are based on single-pixel devices that cannot rival the quantity and quality of information provided by massively parallelized mega-pixel imagers based on complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) readout electronics.

Order-disorder phase transition driven by interlayer sliding in lead iodides.

A variety of phase transitions have been found in two-dimensional layered materials, but some of their atomic-scale mechanisms are hard to clearly understand. Here, we report the discovery of a phase transition whose mechanism is identified as interlayer sliding in lead iodides, a layered material widely used to synthesize lead halide perovskites. The low-temperature crystal structure of lead iodides is found not 2H polytype as known before, but non-centrosymmetric 4H polytype.

Biological Assessment of Potential Exposure to Occupational Substances in Current Semiconductor Workers with at Least 5 Years of Employment.

Background: this study aimed to conduct a biological assessment of the potential exposure to carcinogenic substances in current semiconductor workers.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 306 semiconductor workers. The assessed biomarkers were as follows: (benzene) urine S-phenylmercapturic, trans,trans-muconic acid, blood benzene; (trichloroethylene) urine trichloroacetic acid; (2-ethoxyethanol) 2-ethoxyacetic acid; (arsine) urine arsenic3+, arsenic5+, monomethylarsonic, dimethylarsinic acid, arsenobetaine; (shift work) 6-hydroxymelatonin; (smoking) cotinine, and (radiation).

Metformin alleviates ionizing radiation-induced senescence by restoring BARD1-mediated DNA repair in human aortic endothelial cells.

Metformin is one of the most effective therapies for treating type 2 diabetes and has been shown to also attenuate aging and age-related disorders. In this study, we explored the relationship between metformin and DNA damage repair in ionizing radiation (IR)-induced damage of human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs). Metformin treatment suppressed IR-induced senescence phenotypes, such as increased senescent-associated β-galactosidase (SA β-gal) activity and decreased tube formation and proliferation.

Battery-free, wireless soft sensors for continuous multi-site measurements of pressure and temperature from patients at risk for pressure injuries.

Capabilities for continuous monitoring of pressures and temperatures at critical skin interfaces can help to guide care strategies that minimize the potential for pressure injuries in hospitalized patients or in individuals confined to the bed. This paper introduces a soft, skin-mountable class of sensor system for this purpose. The design includes a pressure-responsive element based on membrane deflection and a battery-free, wireless mode of operation capable of multi-site measurements at strategic locations across the body.

Radiation-induced lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 increases lysophosphatidylcholine and induces endothelial cell damage.

The cardiotoxicity of various anticancer therapies, including radiotherapy, can lead to cardiovascular complications. These complications can range from damaging cardiac tissues within the irradiation field to increasing the long-term risks of developing heart failure, coronary artery disease, and myocardial infarction. We analyzed radiation-induced metabolites capable of mediating critical biological processes, such as inflammation, senescence, and apoptosis.

A novel PPARɣ ligand, PPZ023, overcomes radioresistance via ER stress and cell death in human non-small-cell lung cancer cells.

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARɣ) agonists exert powerful anticancer effects by suppressing tumor growth. In this study, we developed PPZ023 (1-(2-(ethylthio)benzyl)-4-(2-methoxyphenyl)piperazine), a novel PPAR ligand candidate, and investigated the underlying signaling pathways in both non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and radio-resistant NSCLC cells. To identify whether PPZ023 has anticancer effects in NSCLC and radioresistant NSCLC cells, we performed WST-1, LDH, Western blot, and caspase-3 and -9 activity assays.

Strategy toward the fabrication of ultrahigh-resolution micro-LED displays by bonding-interface-engineered vertical stacking and surface passivation.

In this study, we proposed a strategy to fabricate vertically stacked subpixel (VSS) micro-light-emitting diodes (μ-LEDs) for future ultrahigh-resolution microdisplays. At first, to vertically stack the LED with different colors, we successfully adopted a bonding-interface-engineered monolithic integration method using SiO2/SiNx distributed Bragg reflectors (DBRs). It was found that an intermediate DBR structure could be used as the bonding layer and color filter, which could reflect and transmit desired wavelengths through the bonding interface.

PLOD3 promotes lung metastasis via regulation of STAT3.

Procollagen-lysine, 2-oxoglutarate 5-dioxygenase (PLOD3), a membrane-bound homodimeric enzyme, hydroxylates lysyl residues in collagen-like peptides; however, its role in lung cancer is unknown. This study aimed to investigate the role of PLOD3 as a pro-metastatic factor and to elucidate the underlying mechanism. First, we experimentally confirmed the release of PLOD3 in circulation in animal models, rendering it a potential serum biomarker for lung cancer in humans.

Hepatocyte Growth Factor Improves the Therapeutic Efficacy of Human Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells via RAD51.

Human embryonic stem cell-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hE-MSCs) have greater proliferative capacity than other human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs), suggesting that they may have wider applications in regenerative cellular therapy. In this study, to uncover the anti-senescence mechanism in hE-MSCs, we compared hE-MSCs with adult bone marrow (hBM-MSCs) and found that hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) was more abundantly expressed in hE-MSCs than in hBM-MSCs and that it induced the transcription of RAD51 and facilitated its SUMOylation at K70. RAD51 induction/modification by HGF not only increased telomere length but also increased mtDNA replication, leading to increased ATP generation.

Monolithic integration of AlGaInP-based red and InGaN-based green LEDs via adhesive bonding for multicolor emission.

In general, to realize full color, inorganic light-emitting diodes (LEDs) are diced from respective red-green-blue (RGB) wafers consisting of inorganic crystalline semiconductors. Although this conventional method can realize full color, it is limited when applied to microdisplays requiring high resolution. Designing a structure emitting various colors by integrating both AlGaInP-based and InGaN-based LEDs onto one substrate could be a solution to achieve full color with high resolution.

Strong Correlation among Three Biodosimetry Techniques Following Exposures to Ionizing Radiation.

Three dose calibration curves for biodosimetry such as dicentric chromosome assay, fluorescence hybridization (FISH) assay for translocation, and micronuclei (MNs) in binucleated cell assay were established after exposure to ionizing radiation. Peripheral blood lymphocyte samples obtained from healthy donors were irradiated with Co source at a dose rate of 0.5 Gy/min to doses of 0.

Color tunable monolithic InGaN/GaN LED having a multi-junction structure.

In this study, we have fabricated a blue-green color-tunable monolithic InGaN/GaN LED having a multi-junction structure with three terminals. The device has an n-p-n structure consisting of a green and a blue active region, i.e.

Investigation of relative metabolic changes in the organs and plasma of rats exposed to X-ray radiation using HR-MAS (1)H NMR and solution (1)H NMR.

Excess exposure to ionizing radiation generates reactive oxygen species and increases the cellular inflammatory response by modifying various metabolic pathways. However, an investigation of metabolic perturbations and organ-specific responses based on the amount of radiation during the acute phase has not been conducted. In this study, high-resolution magic-angle-spinning (HR-MAS) NMR and solution NMR-based metabolic profiling were used to investigate dose-dependent metabolic changes in multiple organs and tissues--including the jejunum, spleen, liver, and plasma--of rats exposed to X-ray radiation.

Application of NMR Spectroscopy in the Assessment of Radiation Dose in Human Primary Cells.

We employed the primary cell model system as a first step toward establishing a method to assess the influence of ionizing radiation by using a combination of common and abundant metabolites. We applied X-ray irradiation amounts of 0, 1, and 5 Gy to the cells that were harvested 24, 48, or 72 h later, and profiled metabolites by 2D-NMR spectroscopy to sort out candidate molecules that could be used to distinguish the samples under different irradiation conditions. We traced metabolites stemming from the input ¹³C-glucose, identified twelve of them from the cell extracts, and applied statistical analysis to find out that all the metabolites, including glycine, alanine, and gluatamic acid, increased upon irradiation.

Role of Zscan4 in secondary murine iPSC derivation mediated by protein extracts of ESC or iPSC.

Previously, we found that the delivery of mouse ES (mES) cell-derived proteins to adult fibroblasts enables the full reprogramming of these cells, converting them to mouse pluripotent stem cells (protein-iPS cells) without transduction of defined factors. During reprogramming, global gene expression and epigenetic status such as DNA methylation and histone modifications convert from somatic to ES-equivalent status. mES cell extract-derived iPS cells are biologically and functionally indistinguishable from mES cells in its potential in differentiation both in vitro and in vivo.

Dose-dependent metabolic alterations in human cells exposed to gamma irradiation.

Radiation exposure is a threat to public health because it causes many diseases, such as cancers and birth defects, due to genetic modification of cells. Compared with the past, a greater number of people are more frequently exposed to higher levels of radioactivity today, not least due to the increased use of diagnostic and therapeutic radiation-emitting devices. In this study, ultra-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MS)-based metabolic profiling was used to investigate radiation- induced metabolic changes in human fibroblasts.

InGaN/GaN microcolumn light-emitting diode arrays with sidewall metal contact.

In this study, we produce InGaN/GaN microcolumn LED (MC-LED) arrays having nonpolar metal sidewall contacts using a top-down method, where the metal contacts only with the sidewall of the columnar LEDs with an open top for transparency. The trapezoidal profile of the as-etched columns was altered to a rectangular profile through KOH treatment, exposing the nonpolar sidewalls. While the MC-LED with no treatment emitted no light because of the etch-damaged region, the MC-LEDs with KOH treatment exhibited much improved the electrical properties with the much higher shunt resistance due to the removal of the etch-damaged region.

Detection and quantification of a radiation-associated mitochondrial DNA deletion by a nested real-time PCR in human peripheral lymphocytes.

In this study we implemented a new assay using a nested real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect radiation-induced common deletion (CD) in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of human peripheral lymphocytes. A standard curve for real-time PCR was established by applying a plasmid DNA containing human normal mtDNA or mutated mtDNA. Human peripheral lymphocyte DNA was amplified and quantified by real-time PCR using primer sets for total damaged or mutated mtDNA, plus probes labeled with the fluorescent dyes.

Identification of inositol polyphosphate 4-phosphatase type II as a novel tumor resistance biomarker in human laryngeal cancer HEp-2 cells.

Although tumor resistance remains a significant impediment to successful radiotherapy, associated regulatory markers and detailed molecular mechanisms underlying this phenomenon are not well defined. In this study, we identified inositol polyphosphate 4-phosphatase type II (INPP4B) as a novel marker of radioresistance by systematically analyzing Unigene libraries of laryngeal cancer. INPP4B was highly expressed in radioresistant laryngeal cancer cells and was induced by treatment with either radiation or anticancer drugs in various types of cancer cells.

Gamma irradiation-induced oxidative stress and developmental impairment in the hermaphroditic fish, Kryptolebias marmoratus embryo.

This study investigated the effects of gamma radiation on the early developmental stages in hermaphroditic fish embryos of Kryptolebias marmoratus. The authors measured reactive oxygen species (ROS) level and antioxidant enzyme activities with the endpoint hatching rate after gamma irradiation of different embryonic stages. Then, the transcriptional changes of antioxidant enzyme-coding genes were evaluated by quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction in response to gamma radiation on embryonic stages.

Small heat-shock protein Hsp9 has dual functions in stress adaptation and stress-induced G2-M checkpoint regulation via Cdc25 inactivation in Schizosaccharomyces pombe.

The small heat-shock protein Hsp9 from Schizosaccharomyces pombe was previously reported to be a homologue of Saccharomyces cerevisiae HSP12. Although Hsp9 is expressed in response to heat shock and nutritional limitation, its function is still not completely understood. Here, we explored the biological function of Hsp9 in S.

Cells with dysfunctional telomeres are susceptible to reactive oxygen species hydrogen peroxide via generation of multichromosomal fusions and chromosomal fragments bearing telomeres.

During genotoxic stress, reactive oxygen species hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) is a prime mediator of the DNA damage response. Telomeres function both to assist in DNA damage repair and to inhibit chromosomal end-to-end fusion. Here, we show that telomere dysfunction renders cells susceptible to H(2)O(2), via generation of multichromosomal fusion and chromosomal fragments.