Genome-wide identification and analysis of the gene family in soybean.

IQM, a plant-specific calmodulin-binding protein, plays multiple roles in plant growth and development. Although a comprehensive analysis has been carried out on the family genes in and rice, the number and functions of genes in other species have not been explored. In this study, we identified 15 members of the soybean () gene family using BLASTP tools.

Genome-Wide Analysis of the Gene Family in Rice ( L.).

Members of the (IQ-Motif Containing) gene family are involved in plant growth and developmental processes, biotic and abiotic stress response. To systematically analyze the gene family and their expression profiles under diverse biotic and abiotic stresses, we identified 8 genes in the rice genome. In the current study, the whole genome identification and characterization of , including the gene and protein structure, genome localization, phylogenetic relationship, gene expression and yeast two-hybrid were performed.

A Rice Autophagy Gene Is Involved in Nitrogen Remobilization and Control of Grain Quality.

Enhancing nitrogen (N) use efficiency is a potential way to reduce excessive nitrogen application and increase yield. Autophagy is a conserved degradation system in the evolution of eukaryotic cells and plays an important role in plant development and stress response. Autophagic cores have two conjugation pathways that attach the product of autophagy-related gene 8 (ATG8) to phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and ATG5 to ATG12, respectively, which then help with vesicle elongation and enclosure.

Stepwise selection on homeologous PRR genes controlling flowering and maturity during soybean domestication.

Adaptive changes in plant phenology are often considered to be a feature of the so-called 'domestication syndrome' that distinguishes modern crops from their wild progenitors, but little detailed evidence supports this idea. In soybean, a major legume crop, flowering time variation is well characterized within domesticated germplasm and is critical for modern production, but its importance during domestication is unclear. Here, we identify sequential contributions of two homeologous pseudo-response-regulator genes, Tof12 and Tof11, to ancient flowering time adaptation, and demonstrate that they act via LHY homologs to promote expression of the legume-specific E1 gene and delay flowering under long photoperiods.

The Calmodulin-Binding Protein IQM1 Interacts with CATALASE2 to Affect Pathogen Defense.

Calmodulin (CaM) regulates plant disease responses through its downstream calmodulin-binding proteins (CaMBPs) often by affecting the biosynthesis or signaling of phytohormones, such as jasmonic acid (JA) and salicylic acid. However, how these CaMBPs mediate plant hormones and other stress resistance-related signaling remains largely unknown. In this study, we conducted analyses in Arabidopsis () on the functions of AtIQM1 (IQ-Motif Containing Protein1), a Ca-independent CaMBP, in JA biosynthesis and defense against the necrotrophic pathogen using molecular, biochemical, and genetic analyses.

IQM4, a Novel Calmodulin-Binding Protein, Is Involved With Seed Dormancy and Germination in .

Seed dormancy and germination are regulated by complex mechanisms controlled by diverse hormones and environmental cues. Abscisic acid (ABA) promotes seed dormancy and inhibits seed germination and post-germination growth. Calmodulin (CaM) signals are involved with the inhibition of ABA during seed germination and seedling growth.

The progestin norethindrone affects sex differentiation and alters transcriptional profiles of genes along the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axes in juvenile zebrafish Dario renio.

Natural and synthetic progestins may pose a threat to wild fish populations living in receiving waters. In this study, the effects of norethindrone (NET) on the sex differentiation of zebrafish (Dario renio) and the mechanisms underlying these effects were investigated. Juvenile zebrafish (20 days post fertilization, pdf) were exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations (5, 50, 500, and 1000 ng L) for 45 d.

Modulation of transcription of genes related to the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axes in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos/larvae by androstenedione.

This study aimed to determine the effects of Androstenodione (AED) on the transcriptional expression of genes involved in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) and the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axes in the zebrafish embryos/larvae. Zebrafish embryos were exposed to 0, 4.0, 45.

Alterations of secondary sex characteristics, reproductive histology and behaviors by norgestrel in the western mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis).

Synthetic hormones in wastewater effluents released into the aquatic environments may interfere with the normal endocrine systems of fish in receiving streams. Norgestrel (NGT) is a synthetic progestin widely used in oral contraceptives and frequently detected in wastewater effluents. In this study, adult female mosquitofish (Gambusia affinis) were exposed to three environmentally relevant concentrations of norgestrel (NGT) (i.

Research progress on the autonomous flowering time pathway in .

The transition from vegetative to reproductive growth phase is a pivotal and complicated process in the life cycle of flowering plants which requires a comprehensive response to multiple environmental aspects and endogenous signals. In , six regulatory flowering time pathways have been defined by their response to distinct cues, namely photoperiod, vernalization, gibberellin, temperature, autonomous and age pathways, respectively. Among these pathways, the autonomous flowering pathway accelerates flowering independently of day length by inhibiting the central flowering repressor FLC.

A Global Analysis of the Polygalacturonase Gene Family in Soybean (Glycine max).

Polygalacturonase is one of the pectin hydrolytic enzymes involved in various developmental and physiological processes such as seed germination, organ abscission, pod and anther dehiscence, and xylem cell formation. To date, no systematic analysis of polygalacturonase incorporating genome organization, gene structure, and expression profiling has been conducted in soybean (Glycine max var. Williams 82).

A simple and efficient genetic transformation method of Ganoderma weberianum.

In this study, the Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transformation method for Ganderma weberianum has been established. Driven by the cauliflower mosaic virus (CaMV) 35S promoter, the hygromycin phosphotransferase (hpt), β-glucuronidase (uidA), and enhanced green fluorescent protein (egfp) genes have been efficiently expressed in transgenic mycelia and spores. The transformation system was composed of the growing mycelia, A.

Transcriptome analysis of Cymbidium sinense and its application to the identification of genes associated with floral development.

Background: Cymbidium sinense belongs to the Orchidaceae, which is one of the most abundant angiosperm families. C. sinense, a high-grade traditional potted flower, is most prevalent in China and some Southeast Asian countries.

AtIQM1, a novel calmodulin-binding protein, is involved in stomatal movement in Arabidopsis.

We recently identified a novel IQ motif-containing protein family, IQM, which shares sequence homology with a pea heavy metal-induced protein 6 and a ribosome inactivating protein, trichosanthin. Distinct expression patterns for each gene suggest that each IQM family member may play a different role in plant development and response to environmental cues. However functions of the IQM family members remain to be analyzed.

OsTIR1 and OsAFB2 downregulation via OsmiR393 overexpression leads to more tillers, early flowering and less tolerance to salt and drought in rice.

The microRNA miR393 has been shown to play a role in plant development and in the stress response by targeting mRNAs that code for the auxin receptors in Arabidopsis. In this study, we verified that two rice auxin receptor gene homologs (OsTIR1 and OsAFB2) could be targeted by OsmiR393 (Os for Oryza sativa). Two new phenotypes (increased tillers and early flowering) and two previously observed phenotypes (reduced tolerance to salt and drought and hyposensitivity to auxin) were observed in the OsmiR393-overexpressing rice plants.

Syntheses, structures and multi-photoluminescence images with confocal microscopy for three 5,5'-azotetrazolate (AZT) based Zn(II) and Ni(II) complexes.

Three 5,5'-azotetrazolate based Zn(II) and Ni(II) complexes exhibit novel supramolecular structures and emit multi-photoluminescence under laser excitation and the multi-photoluminescence promises a multi-channel signal photoluminescent material.

Arabidopsis auxin response factor6 and 8 regulate jasmonic acid biosynthesis and floral organ development via repression of class 1 KNOX genes.

Two mutations in Arabidopsis thaliana, auxin response factor6 (arf6) and arf8, concomitantly delayed the elongation of floral organs and subsequently delayed the opening of flower buds. This phenotype is shared with the jasmonic acid (JA)-deficient mutant dad1, and, indeed, the JA level of arf6 arf8 flower buds was decreased. Among JA biosynthetic genes, the expression level of DAD1 (DEFECTIVE IN ANTHER DEHISCENCE1) was markedly decreased in the double mutant, suggesting that ARF6 and ARF8 are required for activation of DAD1 expression.

[A spectral analysis method for total volatile base nitrogen].

A new method for the determination of the total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB-N) by reflectance spectroscopy was developed. The method was based on the reaction of TVB-N with Nessler's reagent treated by molecular sieve and the reflectance-absorption value F(R), which is directly proportional to the amount of NH2 Hg IO in solid phase, was measured by the reflection spectrometer. The fundamental principle, effective factors and experimental conditions of the method were discussed.

Changes in growth kinetics of stamen filaments cause inefficient pollination in massugu2, an auxin insensitive, dominant mutant of Arabidopsis thaliana.

We investigated the physiological and molecular basis of lower fecundity of massugu2 (msg2), which is a dominant mutant of an auxin primary response gene, IAA19, in Arabidopsis thaliana. By measuring the length of all stamens and pistils in inflorescences and the reference growth rate of pistils, we constructed growth curves of pistils and stamens between stages 12 and 15 of flower development. Pistil growth was found to consist of a single exponential growth, while stamen growth consisted of three exponential phases.

Molecular cloning and expression analysis of a gene encoding a putative beta-ketoacyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP) synthase III (KAS III) from Jatropha curcas.

A cDNA clone encoding a putative beta-ketoacyl-acyl carrier protein (ACP) synthase III (KAS III) was isolated from Jatropha curcas L., a woody oil plant. The cDNA clone (named JcKAS III) contained a 1203-bp open reading frame coding for 400 amino acids with a predicted molecular mass of about 42 kDa.

[Teaching reform of hybridization experiment of Drosophila melanogaster].

The paper is concerned about a teaching and learning reform of hybridization experiment of Drosophila melanogaster. In the teaching of genetic experiment, we have adopted a new teaching and learning method which was a discovering way instead of traditional method. In this way, students themselves selected the combination subject, put forward and carried out the whole experiment scheme.

Disruption and overexpression of auxin response factor 8 gene of Arabidopsis affect hypocotyl elongation and root growth habit, indicating its possible involvement in auxin homeostasis in light condition.

Auxin response factor (ARF) family genes play a central role in controlling sensitivity to the plant hormone auxin. We characterized the function of ARF8 in Arabidopsis by investigating a T-DNA insertion line (arf8-1) and overexpression lines (ARF8 OX) of ARF8. arf8-1 showed a long-hypocotyl phenotype in either white, blue, red or far-red light conditions, in contrast to ARF8 OX that displayed short hypocotyls in the light.