Singlet oxygen induces cell wall thickening and stomatal density reducing by transcriptome reprogramming.

Singlet oxygen (O) has a very short half-life of 10 s; however, it is a strong oxidant that causes growth arrest and necrotic lesions on plants. Its signaling pathway remains largely unknown. The Arabidopsis flu (fluorescent) mutant accumulates a high level of O and shows drastic changes in nuclear gene expression.

TRAF Family Member 4 Promotes Cardiac Hypertrophy Through the Activation of the AKT Pathway.

Background Pathological cardiac hypertrophy is a major cause of heart failure morbidity. The complex mechanism of intermolecular interactions underlying the pathogenesis of cardiac hypertrophy has led to a lack of development and application of therapeutic methods. Methods and Results Our study provides the first evidence that TRAF4, a member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor-associated factor (TRAF) family, acts as a promoter of cardiac hypertrophy.

Beneficial Effects of Sodium Nitroprusside on the Aroma, Flavors, and Anthocyanin Accumulation in Blood Orange Fruits.

The quality of Tarocco blood orange ( (L.) Osbeck), which has been cultivated for many years, has degraded substantially. Decreased sugar content, decreased blood color, and increased sour flavor have developed as a result.

[Pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of four components from root bark of Caesalpinia decapetala in rats by UPLC-MS/MS].

To identify the pharmacodynamic material basis of root bark of Caesalpinia decapetala extract and clarify the dynamic changes and distribution characteristics of the compounds in vivo.UPLC-MS/MS was used for simultaneous determination of 3-deoxysappanchalcone, isoliquiritigenin, protosappanin B, and protosappanin B-10-O-β-D-glucoside in plasma, heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney, stomach and duodenum of rats, to further study the pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution of root bark of C.decapetala extract in rats.

[Effects of Agricultural Organic Waste Incorporation on the Metabolic Capacity of Microbial Carbon Sources of Dissolved Organic Matter in Paddy Soil].

A long-term fertilization experiment with a system of rice-wheat rotation was conducted in Chengdu Plain. Three fertilization treatments including conventional fertilization (T1), pig manure substituting for 50% nitrogen fertilizer (T2), and T2 plus straw (T3) were set up to study the characteristics of microbial carbon source utilization of soil and dissolved organic matter (DOM). The results showed that T3 improved the soil microbial carbon source metabolism in comparison with those of the T1 and T2 treatments; the average color change rate (AWCD) increased by 16% and 48%, respectively.

Shade Avoidance 3 Mediates Crosstalk Between Shade and Nitrogen in Arabidopsis Leaf Development.

After nitrogen treatments, plant leaves become narrower and thicker, and the chlorophyll content increases. However, the molecular mechanisms behind these regulations remain unknown. Here, we found that the changes in leaf width and thickness were largely compromised in the () mutant.

Salicylate and glutamate mediate different Cd accumulation and tolerance between Brassica napus and B. juncea.

Most hyperaccumulator plants have little economic values, and therefore have not been widely used in Cd-contaminated soils. Rape species are Cd hyperaccumulators with high economic values. Black mustard seed (Brassica juncea) has a higher accumulation ability and a higher tolerance for Cd than oilseed rape (Brassica napus), but its biomass is relatively low and its geographical distribution is limited.

[Effects of long-term straw returning on distribution of aggregates and nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium in paddy].

In order to understand the composition and stability of soil aggregate in paddy filed, as well as the changes of soil aggregate-associated nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) after straw addition combined with chemical fertilization, soil samples were collected from a 34-year positioning experiment with three treatments, including no chemical fertilizer (CK), chemical fertilizer only (NPK), and straw addition plus chemical fertilizer (NPKS). The composition of water-stable aggregates at the soil layers of 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm were analyzed with the wet sieving method, as well as the distribution characteristics, contribution rate and activation rate of soil aggregate-associated N, P, and K. Results showed that the fractions of >2 mm and 0.

[Analysis of Spatial Distribution and Influencing Factors of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertilizer Application Intensity in Chengdu Plain].

The spatial distribution of fertilization intensity and its influencing factors are significant for the accurate management of fertilization and pollution prevention and control. Previous studies are mostly limited to the discussion of human factors that influences the spatial distribution of fertilization intensity while ignoring natural geographical factors. Based on the chemical fertilizer survey data collected from 23492 sites in Chengdu Plain and combined with Geostatistics analysis and Geographic Information System (GIS) technology, the spatial distribution characteristics and influencing factors of average nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizer application intensity from 2010 to 2015 in this region were explored.

Vitamin E Is Superior to Vitamin C in Delaying Seedling Senescence and Improving Resistance in Arabidopsis Deficient in Macro-Elements.

Nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) are three essential macro-elements for plant growth and development. Used to improve yield in agricultural production, the excessive use of chemical fertilizers often leads to increased production costs and ecological environmental pollution. Vitamins C and E are antioxidants that play an important role in alleviating abiotic stress.

Growth responses, accumulation, translocation and distribution of vanadium in tobacco and its potential in phytoremediation.

The metal tolerance mechanism of plants is of great importance to explore the plant-based clean-up of environmental substrata contaminated by heavy metals. Indoor experiment of tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L.) seedlings growing hydroponically in nutrient solution containing 0, 0.

Nitrate reductase is a key enzyme responsible for nitrogen-regulated auxin accumulation in Arabidopsis roots.

Nitrate reductase (NR) is one of the key enzymes for plant nitrogen assimilation and root architecture remodeling. However, crosstalk between NR-mediated signaling and auxin-mediated root development in nitrogen-status responses has not been investigated in details before. In this study, root phenotype and auxin distribution in nia1/nia2 (nitrate reductase) double mutant and chl1-5 (nitrate transporter NRT1.

Selenium Enhances Cadmium Accumulation Capability in Two Mustard Family Species- and .

Oilseed rape () is a Cadmium (Cd) hyperaccumulator. However, high-level Cd at the early seedling stage seriously arrests the growth of rape, which limits its applications. had higher Cd accumulation capacity, but its biomass was lower, also limiting its applications.

[Effects of corn-based cropping systems on phosphorus fractions and availability in red soil].

To clarify the effects of corn-based cropping systems on phosphorus (P) fractions and availability in red soil, we measured P fractions and availability of topsoil (0-20 cm) and subsoil (20-40 cm) in abandoned farmland (control) and three corn-based cropping systems (corn continuous cropping, zucchini-corn rotation and pea-corn rotation), respectively. The results showed that total P, available P contents and P activation coefficient in topsoil were higher than those in subsoil. The value of relative P parameters in topsoil of pea-corn rotation was the highest among all cropping systems.

Two-factor ANOVA of SSH and RNA-seq analysis reveal development-associated Pi-starvation genes in oilseed rape.

The 5-leaf-stage rape seedlings were more insensitive to Pi starvation than that of the 3-leaf-stage plants, which may be attributed to the higher expression levels of ethylene signaling and sugar-metabolism genes in more mature seedlings. Traditional suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) and RNA-Seq usually screen out thousands of differentially expressed genes. However, identification of the most important regulators has not been performed to date.

Nitrogen and nitric oxide regulate Arabidopsis flowering differently.

Both nitrogen (N) and nitric oxide (NO) postpone plant flowering. However, we still don't know whether N and NO trigger the same signaling pathways leading to flowering delay. Our previous study found that ferredoxin NADP oxidoreductase (FNR1) and the blue-light receptor cryptochrome 1 (CRY1) are involved in nitrogen-regulated flowering-time control.

[Effects of different land use patterns on soil potassium distribution in Chengdu Plain, China].

To explore the effects of land use change on the potassium in soil profile under the background of rapid urbanization, we collected data of 187 soil profiles from four typical land use patterns (rice-wheat, rice-vegetable, rice-oil and garden) in Chengdu Plain. The contents of available potassium (AP), slow-acting potassium (SP), mineral potassium (MP), and total potassium (TP) in soil profile under different land use patterns and their relationships were analyzed. Our results showed that compared with the traditional rotation (rice-wheat, rice-oil), soil AP and SP contents significantly varied among different land use patterns.

[Effects of combined application of pig manure with urea on grain yield and nitrogen utilization efficiency in rice-wheat rotation system].

To examine the effects of pig manure application on dry matter production, nitrogen accumulation and distribution, grain yield and nitrogen use efficiency of rice and wheat, the field trial was conducted with wheat 863 and rice 498. Fertilization treatments consisted of seven rates of organic manure supply: control (CK, no chemical nitrogen fertilizer, no pig manure), conventional fertilizing (T, no pig manure), 2500 kg·hm pig manure with 75% conventional fertilizing (T), 5000 kg·hm pig manure with 50% conventional fertilizing (T), 10000 kg·hm pig manure (T), 15000 kg·hm pig manure (T) and 20000 kg·hm pig manure (T). Combined application of pig manure with chemical fertilizer promoted dry matter accumulation of rice and wheat throughout the growing season.

Effects of organic-inorganic amendments on the cadmium fraction in soil and its accumulation in rice (Oryza sativa L.).

Cadmium (Cd) stress is a serious concern in agricultural soils worldwide, and increasing accumulation and subsequent transfer to humans via the food chain can have potentially harmful effects. In this study, field experiments were conducted to examine the uptake and translocation of Cd in rice, changes in the soil Cd speciation, and the subsequent effect on Cd accumulation in rice under combined organic (farmyard manure and crop straw) and inorganic (sepiolite, lime, and calcium-magnesium phosphate) soil amendments. The results showed that farmyard manure combined with sepiolite or lime and straw combined with lime or calcium-magnesium phosphate reduced the Cd translocation from the rice roots to the straw and the grains, significantly decreasing the Cd accumulation in brown rice.

[Profile Distribution of Paddy Soil Organic Carbon and Its Influencing Factors in Chengdu Plain].

Understanding the effects of environmental factors on the profile distribution of soil organic carbon (SOC) is a base to accurately modeling the continuous change of SOC in vertical and three-dimensional spatial distributions, as well as precisely estimating SOC storage. Based on 171 soil profiles collected from Chengdu Plain, the effects of environmental factors (including the parent material, soil type, elevation, distance from river, and land use) on the profile distribution of paddy SOC to a depth of 1 m were evaluated through the exponential decay function. The results indicated that SOC was estimated at 19.

[Effects of controlled release blend bulk urea on soil nitrogen and soil enzyme activity in wheat and rice fields].

A field experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of controlled-release fertilizer (CRF) combined with urea (UR) on the soil fertility and environment in wheat-rice rotation system. Changes in four forms of nitrogen (total nitrogen, ammonium nitrogen, nitrate nitrogen, and microbial biomass nitrogen) and in activities of three soil enzymes participating in nitrogen transformation (urease, protease, and nitrate reductase) were measured in seven fertilization treatments (no fertilization, routine fertilization, 10%CRF+90%UR, 20%CRF+80%UR, 40%CRF+60%UR, 80%CRF+20%UR, and 100%CRF). The results showed that soil total nitrogen was stable in the whole growth period of wheat and rice.

Nitric oxide induces monosaccharide accumulation through enzyme S-nitrosylation.

Nitric oxide (NO) is extensively involved in various growth processes and stress responses in plants; however, the regulatory mechanism of NO-modulated cellular sugar metabolism is still largely unknown. Here, we report that NO significantly inhibited monosaccharide catabolism by modulating sugar metabolic enzymes through S-nitrosylation (mainly by oxidizing dihydrolipoamide, a cofactor of pyruvate dehydrogenase). These S-nitrosylation modifications led to a decrease in cellular glycolysis enzymes and ATP synthase activities as well as declines in the content of acetyl coenzyme A, ATP, ADP-glucose and UDP-glucose, which eventually caused polysaccharide-biosynthesis inhibition and monosaccharide accumulation.

Adsorption of Cd(II) from aqueous solutions by rape straw biochar derived from different modification processes.

In order to deal with cadmium (Cd(II)) pollution, three modified biochar materials: alkaline treatment of biochar (BC-NaOH), KMnO impregnation of biochar (BC-MnO) and FeCl magnetic treatment of biochar (BC-FeO), were investigated. Nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Boehm titration, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to determine the characteristics of adsorbents and explore the main adsorption mechanism. The results show that manganese oxide particles are carried successfully within the biochar, contributing to micropore creation, boosting specific surface area and forming innersphere complexes with oxygen-containing groups, while also increasing the number of oxygen-containing groups.

ORA59 and EIN3 interaction couples jasmonate-ethylene synergistic action to antagonistic salicylic acid regulation of PDF expression.

Hormonal crosstalk is central for tailoring plant responses to the nature of challenges encountered. The role of antagonism between the two major defense hormones, salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA), and modulation of this interplay by ethylene (ET) in favor of JA signaling pathway in plant stress responses is well recognized, but the underlying mechanism is not fully understood. Here, we show the opposing function of two transcription factors, ethylene insensitive3 (EIN3) and EIN3-Like1 (EIL1), in SA-mediated suppression and JA-mediated activation of PLANT DEFENSIN1.

[Effect of Modified Biochars on Soil Cadmium Stabilization in Paddy Soil Suffered from Original or Exogenous Contamination].

To investigate the passivation of different modified biochars on the speciation and availability of cadmium contaminated soil, the modified biochars were treated by different approaches (acid/base treatment, impregnation with manganese oxides, magnetic modification) and biochars(BC) were used as soil passivating agents for soil culture experiments. The result indicated that the content of available cadmium decreased significantly by BC and modified biochars in originally contaminated soil. Compared with CK, the percentage of available cadmium in originally contaminated soil was reduced by more than 50% using impregnable biochars by KMnO(BC-KMnO) and basic biochars by NaOH(BC-NaOH).