Disinfection of influenza a viruses by Hypocrellin a-mediated photodynamic inactivation.

Background: Influenza A viruses can be transmitted indirectly by surviving on the surface of an object. Photodynamic inactivation (PDI) is a promising approach for disinfection of pathogens.

Methods: PDI was generated using Hypocrellin A (HA) and red light emitting diode (625-635 nm, 280 W/m).

High resolution metagenomic characterization of complex infectomes in paediatric acute respiratory infection.

The diversity of pathogens associated with acute respiratory infection (ARI) makes diagnosis challenging. Traditional pathogen screening tests have a limited detection range and provide little additional information. We used total RNA sequencing ("meta-transcriptomics") to reveal the full spectrum of microbes associated with paediatric ARI.

Establishment and characterization of an oral gerbil model for a non-mouse-adapted enterovirus 71 strain.

Enterovirus 71 (EV71) is one of the major pathogens causing hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD) with neurological and systemic complications worldwide, and it is mostly discovered in infants and young children. It is of great significance to establish suitable animal models of EV71 infection on research of distribution and pathogenesis of the virus. In this study, we established a successful infection of a non-mouse-adapted isolate of EV71 via oral route in 7-day-old Mongolian gerbil (Meriones unguiculatus), all of which were paralyzed and died within 10 days post infection.

Fast throughput determination of 21 allergenic disperse dyes from river water using reusable three-dimensional interconnected magnetic chemically modified graphene oxide followed by liquid chromatography-tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry.

We report the template-free fabrication of three-dimensional hierarchical nanostructures, i.e., three-dimensional interconnected magnetic chemically modified graphene oxide (3D-Mag-CMGO), through a simple and low-cost self-assembly process using one-pot reaction based on solvothermal method.

Laboratory diagnosis of vaccine-associated measles in Zhejiang Province, China.

Background/purpose: Along with the improving vaccine coverage, suspected vaccine-associated measles has been reported in Zhejiang Province, China. In order to maintain the accuracy of the measles surveillance system, it is critical to discriminate between measles vaccine and wild-type virus.

Methods: Eight suspected cases of vaccine-associated measles were reported in Zhejiang Province during 2011 and 2014.

[Variations on hemagglutinin gene of Zhejiang measles virus strains and differences with measles strains circulated both at home and abroad].

Objective: To investigate the variations on hemagglutinin (H) gene of measles virus (MV) in Zhejiang province, and to analyze the differences with strains circulated both at home and abroad.

Methods: In total, 33 MV strains isolated in Zhejiang province between 1999 and 2011 were collected.RNA of the isolated MV strains was extracted and the complete sequences on H gene were amplified using RT-PCR assay.

[Genomic sequences of human infection of avian-origin influenza A(H7N9)virus in Zhejiang province].

Objective: To analyze the etiology and genomic sequences of human infection of avian-origin influenza A(H7N9)virus from Zhejiang province.

Methods: Viral RNA was extracted from patients of suspected H7N9 influenza virus infection and real-time RT-PCR was conducted for detection of viral RNA. All 8 segments of influenza virus were amplified by one-step RT-PCR and genomic sequences were assembled using the sequencing data.

[Study on the complete sequence of CA24 variant isolated during the acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis outbreaks in Zhejiang province during 2002 to 2010].

Objective: To analyze the genetic characteristics of the complete sequence of coxsackievirus A24 variant (CA24v) isolated from acute hemorrhagic conjunctivitis (AHC) outbreaks in Zhejiang province during 2002 to 2010.

Methods: Complete sequences of CA24v epidemic strains isolated in different years were amplified under the RT-PCR assay, while the sequences of whole genome, VP1, and 3C region of Zhejiang strains were compared with epidemic strains isolated in other areas of China and abroad.

Results: The whole genome of Zhejiang CA24v strains isolated in 2002 and 2010 was 7456 - 7458 bp in length, encoding a polyglutamine protein which containing 2214 amino acid residues.

[Molecular evolution of two lineages related to influenza B virus based on HA1 gene].

Objective: To study the evolutionary characteristics and rules of two lineages on influenza B virus.

Methods: A total of 126 HA1 sequences of strains isolated during 1940 to 2012 were downloaded from the GenBank. Time of the most recent common ancestor (TMRCA) and divergence of the two lineages were calculated based on the data from phylogenetic analysis of HA1 gene, using Bayesian Markov Chain Monte Carlo (Bayesian-MCMC) and molecular clock method.

[Study on the genome sequence of measles viruses circulated in Zhejiang province during 1999 to 2011].

Objective: To study the genetic variations between measles vaccine strain S191 and strains that circulated in Zhejiang province causing the epidemics during 1999 to 2011.

Methods: Complete sequence of the nine Zhejiang measles strains were amplified by RT-PCR assay. Products were sequenced and the obtained sequences were aligned and analyzed with vaccine strains S191 and the major epidemic strains isolated in foreign countries.

[Comparative analysis on the complete genome sequence of mumps epidemic strain and mumps vaccine strain S79 isolated in Zhejiang province, China between year 2005 and 2010].

Objective: To compare the differences in the complete genome sequence between mumps epidemic strain and mumps vaccine strain S79 isolated in Zhejiang province.

Methods: A total of 4 mumps epidemic strains, which were separated from Zhejiang province during 2005 to 2010, named as ZJ05-1, ZJ06-3, ZJ08-1 and ZJ10-1 were selected in the study. The complete genome sequences were amplified using RT-PCR.

[Molecular epidemiological study on rubella virus strains isolated in Zhejiang province, China, 2005-2010].

Objective: To analyze the molecular epidemiological characteristic of rubella virus strains isolated in Zhejiang province from 2005 to 2010, to provide basic data for rubella prevention and control.

Methods: Rubella virus strains were isolated on Vero cells from the suspected patients' specimens collected in Zhejiang province during 2005 to 2010. Partial fragments of the structural gene of Zhejiang rubella strains were amplified, using nested reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR).

[Study on the pathological and molecular characteristics of viral meningitis outbreaks in Linhai county, Zhejiang province, 2004].

Objective: In order to confirm the causes of viral meningitis outbreaks in Linhai county, Zhejiang province in 2004, and to analyze the relationship between hereditary variation and evolution of the pathogen.

Methods: 60 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimens were collected from the suspected patients. Virus strains from the specimens were isolated with RD and Hep-2 cell lines, and identified through neutralization test.

[Study on the etiological and molecular characteristics of aseptic meningitis epidemic in Zhejiang Province in 2002-2004].

In order to confirm the cause of the outbreak of aseptic meningitis in Zhejiang Province in 2002-2004, trace the pathogen and analyze the molecular characteristics, 271 cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and faeces specimens were collected from suspected patients. The virus strains from the specimens were isolated with RD and Hep-2 cell lines. The VP1 and VP4/VP2 genes of the isolated viruses were sequenced, and their phylogenetic and homology trees were also constructed.

[Genetic variation of the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase of influenza B viruses isolated in Zhejiang province during 1999 - 2010].

Objective: To characterize the genetic diversity of hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) of influenza B viruses isolated in Zhejiang province during 1999 - 2010.

Methods: Respiratory specimens were collected from patients with flu-like syndrome during the influenza outbreaks or from the hospitals which carrying out influenza surveillance project in Zhejiang province. Samples were detected by real-time RT-PCR and isolated for influenza virus.

[Traceability of the A/H3N2 virus borne influenza pandemic in Zhejiang province, 1998].

Objective: To trace back to the influenza pandemic caused by A/H3N2 virus happened in Zhejiang province, 1998.

Methods: The whole genome of three isolates related to Zhejiang influenza virus was amplified through RT-PCR, and the identified sequences were aligned with the sequences downloaded from GenBank of the H3N2 strains which were circulating in other regions during 1995 to 1998. The crossing HAI titers of the reference strains were measured by HAI test and antigenic ratios were calculated.

[Genetic variation of phosphoprotein (P) gene from measles epidemic strains in Zhejiang province].

Objective: To investigate the genetic characteristics and variation within the phosphoprotein (P) gene of measles epidemic strains circulated in Zhejiang province.

Methods: The whole sequence of P gene of the epidemic strains related to Zhejiang Measles virus during 1999 to 2008 was amplified, using the RT-PCR Assay. PCR products were sequenced and compared with the sequences of measles vaccine and other epidemic strains.

[Phylogenetic analysis based on hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes between swine influenza virus and human influenza A/H3N2 virus strains isolated in Zhejiang province].

Objectives: To investigate the phylogenetic relationship between swine influenza A/H3N2 virus and the representative strains of human influenza A/H3N2 virus isolated in two epidemics in recent years through comparing the sequences within HA and NA genes.

Methods: HA and NA gene of the human representative strains were sequenced, and then phylogenetic tree with the swine and human strains isolated in the corresponding period of time were constructed.

Results: The homologies on the HA1 domain between human representative strains (A/Zhejiang/10/98, A/Zhejiang/6/99 and A/Zhejiang/8/02)and the swine strains (A/SW/Ontario/130/97, A/SW/Hongkong/4361/99 and A/SW/Hongkong/74/02) were 99.

[Simultaneous detection of measles and rubella virus by multiplex real-time RT-PCR with an internal control].

Measles and rubella virus cause fever rash diseases that are uneasy to differentiate clinically from each other. Specific primers and fluorescence-labeled probes were designed, and a multiplex Real-time RT-PCR with an internal control was developed to simultaneously identify the measles and rubella virus. The multiplex Real-time RT-PCR assay was specific and no false positive or false negative results were found.

[Development of the real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay for the rapid detection of rubella virus].

Objective: A new TaqMan probe based real-time assay was developed to rapid detection of rubella virus.

Methods: The specific primer pair and probe were designed within the conserved P150 gene of rubella virus and the PCR reactive condition was optimized to improve the sensitivity and specificity of the assay. Clinical specimens collected from two outbreaks were detected by the developed assay.

[Comparative analysis of measles genome between vaccine strain and wild-type strain in Zhejiang province of China].

Objective: To explore the distinction between wild-type strain MVi/Zhejiang, CHN/7.05/4 and vaccine strain Shanghai-191 at genome level.

Methods: After sequencing of measles wild-stain MVi/Zhejiang.

[Molecular characteristics and its evolution of the complete genome of avian influenza H5N1 virus isolated in Zhejiang province from 2002 to 2006].

Objective: To analyze the molecular characteristics and evolution reassortment of the complete genome of avian influenza H5N1 virus isolated in Zhejiang province in recent years.

Methods: Complete genomes of avian influenza H5N1 viruses isolated in Zhejiang province from 2002 to 2006 were sequenced. Molecular and evolution reassortment characterization of these virus strains were analyzed by Mega 3.