Deep Trench Isolation and Inverted Pyramid Array Structures Used to Enhance Optical Efficiency of Photodiode in CMOS Image Sensor via Simulations.

The photodiode in the backside-illuminated CMOS sensor is modeled to analyze the optical performances in a range of wavelengths (300-1100 nm). The effects of changing in the deep trench isolation depth (DTI) and pitch size (d) of the inverted pyramid array (IPA) on the peak value () of optical efficiency (OE) and its wavelength region are identified first. Then, the growth ratio (GR) is defined for the change in these wavelength ranges to highlight the effectiveness of various DTI and d combinations on the and evaluate the difference between the pixel arrays with and without the DTI + IPA structures.

Characterization of the elastic and viscoelastic properties of dentin by a nanoindentation creep test.

Dentin is the main supporting structure of teeth, but its mechanical properties may be adversely affected by pathological demineralization. The purposes of this study were to develop a quantitative approach to characterize the viscoelastic properties of dentin after de- and re-mineralization, and to examine the elastic properties using a nanoindentation creep test. Dentin specimens were prepared to receive both micro- and nano-indentation tests at wet and dry states.

Riboflavin-ultraviolet-A-induced collagen cross-linking treatments in improving dentin bonding.

Objectives: To evaluate the collagen cross-linkers, riboflavin-ultraviolet-A (RF/UVA) and glutaraldehyde, with regard to their efficacy in cross-linking the dentinal collagen and improving dentin bonding.

Methods: Glutaraldehyde and different RF/UVA protocols (0.1%RF/1-minUV, 0.

Stress-strain analysis for evaluating the effect of the orientation of dentin tubules on their mechanical properties and deformation behavior.

A model whose porosity does not vary with compression depth is developed for evaluating the mechanical properties of dentin tubules with various orientation angles from micro-pillar nanocompression tests. Experimental results for a range of loading rates indicate that the yielding parameters and the elastic modulus are little affected by the creep behavior. For a given compression depth, the hardness, elastic modulus, and yielding strength decrease with increasing orientation angle of dentin.

Effects of input methods on inter-key press intervals during continuous typing.

Two popular input methods for Chinese typing, Microsoft New Phonetic and Boshiamy, were compared in terms of hand and finger loading, key-pressing speed and typing efficiency. Sixteen subjects typed an English and a Chinese text for 30 min each during two test sessions and all keystrokes and their inter-key press intervals were recorded by electronic activity monitoring software. Typing with Microsoft New Phonetic and with Boshiamy was found to have equal hand loadings, but typing with Microsoft New Phonetic was associated with a higher proportion of keystrokes at the number row.

Temporal change in bimanual interkeypress intervals and self-reported symptoms during continuous typing.

Introduction: Continuous typing is likely to induce mental and/or muscular fatigue, which contributes to musculoskeletal discomfort. Our goals were to describe the temporal changes in symptoms and interkeypress intervals (IKIs) of each hand during continuous typing. The effects of demographic characteristics and time on the IKI were examined.

Theoretical modeling developed to evaluate the hardness and reduced modulus for the C/a-Si composite film using nanoindentation tests.

A general mechanical model, which is composed of the mechanical models employed to describe the contact behaviors and deformations arising in all layers (including the substrate), is successfully developed in the present study for multilayer specimens in order to evaluate the contact projected area by a theoretical model, and thus the hardness and reduced modulus, using nanoindentation tests. The governing differential equations for the depth solutions of the indenter tip formed at all layers of the specimen under their contact load are developed individually. The influence of the material properties of the substrate on a multilayer specimen's hardness and reduced modulus at various indentation depths can thus be evaluated.

[Study on biodegradation of polyacrylamide].

Phanerochaete chrysosporium was introduced into biodegradation of polyacrylamide(PAM), and effects of glucose amount, pH, N concentration, Mn2+ concentration and biodegradation time on biodegradation of PAM were studied. Results show that Phanerochaete chrysosporium has special abilities of enzyme catalysis biodegradation of PAM. And the removal rate of PAM is 50%.