Design and in vivo evaluation of entecavir-3-palmitate microcrystals for subcutaneous sustained delivery.

The objectives of this study were to formulate microcrystals of entecavir-3-palmiate (EV-P), a palmitic acid ester of entecavir (EV), and evaluate the influence of particle size on its pharmacokinetic behavior following subcutaneous (SC) injection. Systemic toxicity and local tolerability of the hepatitis B anti-viral suspension were further evaluated in normal rats. EV-P microcrystals possessing median diameters of 2.

Microsuspension of fatty acid esters of entecavir for parenteral sustained delivery.

Entecavir (EV), an anti-viral agent for hepatitis B infection, should be administered under fasted state, as intestinal absorption of this hydrophilic compound is markedly decreased under post-prandial conditions. Herein, in order to improve therapeutic adherence, a parenteral sustained delivery system was constructed, by synthesizing water-insoluble ester prodrugs of the nucleotide analogous with fatty acids. EV-3-palmitate (named EV-P), exhibited the lowest solubility in phosphate buffered saline (pH 7.

Candidate molecule for premature ejaculation, DA-8031: in vivo and in vitro characterization of DA-8031.

Objectives: To evaluate the efficacy of DA-8031 against premature ejaculation, we performed in vitro and in vivo pharmacologic studies.

Methods: We used a monoamine transporter binding affinity assay, receptor binding affinity assay, monoamine reuptake inhibition assay, and serotonin uptake inhibition assay in platelets and chemically induced ejaculation models in rats.

Results: The present study reports on the pharmacologic profile of the putative antipremature ejaculation drug, DA-8031.

Drug synergism of antihypertensive action in combination of telmisartan with lercanidipine in spontaneous hypertensive rats.

To examine drug synergism between angiotensin II AT1-receptor blocker and Ca(2+) channel blocker for lowering blood pressure (BP), telmisartan and lercanidipine were orally injected into to telemetered-spontaneous hypertensive rats and BP was monitored. The highest doses of both drugs (7.66 mg/kg of telmisartan and 1.

Enhanced effect of losartan and rosuvastatin on neointima hyperplasia.

The beneficial effects of losartan and rosuvastatin on neointimal formation have been well characterized, but little is known about the combined treatment benefit of these two drugs. This study was designed to investigate the synergistic effect of losartan combined with rosuvastatin on the magnitude of protective action in vascular injury mediated by cuff-induced neointimal formation model in vivo. Losartan at 20 mg/kg or rosuvastatin at 40 mg/kg significantly decreased both the neointimal formation and BrdU-positive cells in neointima, indicating the inhibition of cell proliferation including a progress of DNA synthesis.

Synergistic decrease in blood pressure by captopril combined with losartan in spontaneous hypertensive rats.

This study was designed to examine the anti-hypertensive effect of the combination therapy of captopril with losartan by oral administration using both independent and cross-over experimental protocols. In independent experimental protocols, four different groups of spontaneous hypertensive rats (SHR) were treated for 1 or 2 weeks: control, captopril (20 mg/kg/day), losartan (20 mg/kg/day), and combination captopril (10 mg/kg/day) with losartan (10 mg/kg/day). In cross-over protocols, each SHR received all four treatments for 1 or 3 days with an interval of several days between each injection for washing-out and return to high blood pressure (BP) levels.