Cytoreductive nephrectomy in the era of immune checkpoint inhibitors: a US Food and Drug Administration pooled analysis.

Background: This pooled analysis of patient-level data from trials evaluated the clinical outcomes of patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma with or without cytoreductive nephrectomy before a combination of immune checkpoint inhibitor and antiangiogenic therapy.

Methods: Data from 5 trials of immune checkpoint inhibitors plus antiangiogenic therapy were pooled. Only patients with stage 4 disease at initial diagnosis were included to ensure that nephrectomy was performed for cytoreductive purposes and not to previously treat an earlier stage of disease.

Efficacy of Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase Inhibitors by Individual Genes in Homologous Recombination Repair Gene-Mutated Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer: A US Food and Drug Administration Pooled Analysis.

Purpose: We performed a pooled analysis of multiple trials of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors (PARPi) in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) to investigate the efficacy of PARPi in each individual homologous recombination repair (HRR) mutated (m) gene.

Patients And Methods: We pooled patient-level data from trials of PARPi in mCRPC that reported mutation status in individual HRR genes. Any HRR gene with available data across all the randomized trials of PARPi in first-line mCRPC was selected.

Leveraging Pyrazolium Ylide Reactivity to Access Indolizine and 1,2-Dihydropyrimidine Derivatives.

N-Heterocyclic ylides are important synthetic precursors to rapidly build molecular complexity. Pyrazolium ylides have largely been unexplored, and we demonstrate their diverse utility in this report. We show that these readily accessible building blocks can be used to construct different heterocyclic skeletons by varying the coupling partner.

Executive summary of the American Radium Society appropriate use criteria for brain metastases in epidermal growth factor receptor mutated-mutated and ALK-fusion non-small cell lung cancer.

The American Radium Society (ARS) Central Nervous System (CNS) committee reviewed literature on epidermal growth factor receptor mutated (EGFRm) and ALK-fusion (ALK+) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) for the treatment of brain metastases (BrMs) from non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLC) to generate appropriate use guidelines addressing use of TKIs in conjunction with or in lieu of radiotherapy (RT). The panel developed three key questions to guide systematic review: can radiotherapy be deferred in patients receiving EGFR or ALK TKIs at (1) diagnosis or (2) recurrence? Should TKI be administered concurrently with RT (3)? Two literature searches were performed (May 2019 and December 2023). The panel developed 8 model cases and voted on treatment options using a 9-point scale, with 1-3, 4-6 and 7-9 corresponding to usually not appropriate, may be appropriate, and usually appropriate (respectively), per the UCLA/RAND Appropriateness Method.

CaRE@ELLICSR: Effects of a clinically integrated, group-based, multidimensional cancer rehabilitation program.

Background: Although oncology clinical practice guidelines recognize the need and benefits of exercise, the implementation of these services into cancer care delivery remains limited. We developed and evaluated the impact of a clinically integrated 8-week exercise and education program (CaRE@ELLICSR).

Methods: We conducted a mixed methods, prospective cohort study to examine the effects of the program.

US Food and Drug Administration Approval Summary: Talazoparib in Combination With Enzalutamide for Treatment of Patients With Homologous Recombination Repair Gene-Mutated Metastatic Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer.

Purpose: The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved talazoparib with enzalutamide for first-line treatment of patients with homologous recombination repair (HRR) gene-mutated metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC).

Patients And Methods: The approval was based on the HRR gene-mutated (HRRm) population of TALAPRO-2, a randomized, double-blind trial that randomly assigned 1,035 patients with mCRPC to receive enzalutamide with either talazoparib or placebo. Two cohorts enrolled sequentially: an all-comer population (Cohort 1), followed by an HRRm-only population (Cohort 2).

Whole-genome doubling is a double-edged sword: the heterogeneous role of whole-genome doubling in various cancer types.

Whole-genome doubling (WGD), characterized by the duplication of an entire set of chromosomes, is commonly observed in various tumors, occurring in approximately 30-40% of patients with different cancer types. The effect of WGD on tumorigenesis varies depending on the context, either promoting or suppressing tumor progression. Recent advances in genomic technologies and large-scale clinical investigations have led to the identification of the complex patterns of genomic alterations underlying WGD and their functional consequences on tumorigenesis progression and prognosis.

ED/hospital program contributions to community multi-disciplinary team meetings: Different models.

Elder mistreatment (EM) is a complex problem, with response and prevention requiring contributions from professionals from many disciplines. Community-based multi-disciplinary teams (MDTs) that conduct meetings to discuss challenging cases and coordinate services are a common strategy to ensure effective collaboration. Though they play an important role in EM identification, intervention, and prevention, hospitals and hospital-based healthcare professionals have been particularly difficult to engage in MDTs.

The relationship between community social risk factors and regional hospital-reported cash, negotiated, and chargemaster prices for 14 common services.

Background: Social risk factors are key drivers of the geographic variation in spending in the United States but little is known how community-level social risk factors are associated with hospital prices. Our objective was to describe the relationship between regional hospital-reported prices and social risk factors by price type (chargemaster, cash, commercial, Medicare, and Medicaid).

Methods: This cross-sectional analysis used newly available hospital-reported prices from acute general hospitals in 2022.

FDA Approval Summary: Enfortumab Vedotin plus Pembrolizumab for Cisplatin-Ineligible Locally Advanced or Metastatic Urothelial Carcinoma.

On April 3, 2023, the FDA granted accelerated approval to enfortumab vedotin-ejfv (EV) plus pembrolizumab for treatment of patients with locally advanced or metastatic urothelial carcinoma who are ineligible for cisplatin-containing chemotherapy. Substantial evidence of effectiveness was obtained from EV-103/KEYNOTE-869 (NCT03288545), a multicohort study. Across cohorts, a total of 121 patients received EV 1.

Surgical options for lymphedema after gynecological cancer treatment: current trends and advances.

Lower leg lymphedema is an important complication after gynecological treatment that can severely affect the quality of life of long-term survivors of these malignancies. As a chronic and progressive disease, affected patients will require life-long therapy centered on compression. Although conventional compressive treatments can be effective, they are extremely burdensome and time-consuming for most patients and adherence is challenging.

A cryptic plasmid is among the most numerous genetic elements in the human gut.

Plasmids are extrachromosomal genetic elements that often encode fitness-enhancing features. However, many bacteria carry "cryptic" plasmids that do not confer clear beneficial functions. We identified one such cryptic plasmid, pBI143, which is ubiquitous across industrialized gut microbiomes and is 14 times as numerous as crAssphage, currently established as the most abundant extrachromosomal genetic element in the human gut.

Impact of glioma peritumoral edema, tumor size, and tumor location on alternating electric fields (AEF) therapy in realistic 3D rat glioma models: a computational study.

Alternating electric fields (AEF) therapy is a treatment modality for patients with glioblastoma. Tumor characteristics such as size, location, and extent of peritumoral edema may affect the AEF strength and distribution. We evaluated the sensitivity of the AEFs in a realistic 3D rat glioma model with respect to these properties.

Breast Cancer Among Transgender and Nonbinary Patients: Paradigms for Improving Data Collection and Inclusion in Breast Imaging Settings.

Breast cancer incidence among transgender and nonbinary (TGNB) individuals is not well characterized owing to the absence of robust data collection among this patient population. Consequently, breast cancer risks are largely unknown, and screening guidelines are not based on robust evidence. Additionally, TGNB patients experience barriers to access health care.

Myelin water quantification in multiple sclerosis using short repetition time adiabatic inversion recovery prepared-fast spin echo (STAIR-FSE) imaging.

Background: Myelin water imaging (MWI) is a myelin-specific technique, which has great potential for the assessment of demyelination and remyelination. This study develops a new MWI method, which employs a short repetition time adiabatic inversion recovery (STAIR) technique in combination with a commonly used fast spin echo (FSE) sequence and provides quantification of myelin water (MW) fractions.

Method: Whole-brain MWI was performed using the short repetition time adiabatic inversion recovery prepared-fast spin echo (STAIR-FSE) technique on eight healthy volunteers (mean age: 38±14 years, four-males) and seven patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) (mean age: 53.

Microvascular decompression of a vertebral artery loop causing cervical radiculopathy: illustrative case.

Background: Vertebral artery loops are a rare cause of cervical radiculopathy. Surgical options for nerve root decompression include an anterior or posterior approach, with or without additional microvascular decompression.

Observations: The authors describe a case of a 49-year-old man with a long-standing history of left-sided neck pain and migraines, who was found to have a vertebral artery loop in the left C3-4 neural foramen compressing the left C4 nerve root.

Why Do We Not Wear Masks Anymore during the COVID-19 Wave? Vaccination Precludes the Adoption of Personal Non-Pharmaceutical Interventions: A Quantitative Study of Taiwanese Residents.

: This study examined whether the decline in people's adoption of personal NPIs (e.g., mask wearing) results from the preclusion by vaccination.

SNOT-22 subdomain outcomes following treatment for sinonasal malignancy: A prospective, multicenter study.

Background: Patients with sinonasal malignancy (SNM) present with significant sinonasal quality of life (QOL) impairment. Global sinonasal QOL as measured by the 22-item Sinonasal Outcomes Test (SNOT-22) has been shown to improve with treatment. This study aims to characterize SNOT-22 subdomain outcomes in SNM.

MEA-NAP compares microscale functional connectivity, topology, and network dynamics in organoid or monolayer neuronal cultures.

Microelectrode array (MEA) recordings are commonly used to compare firing and burst rates in neuronal cultures. MEA recordings can also reveal microscale functional connectivity, topology, and network dynamics-patterns seen in brain networks across spatial scales. Network topology is frequently characterized in neuroimaging with graph theoretical metrics.

Sodium oligomannate alters gut microbiota, reduces cerebral amyloidosis and reactive microglia in a sex-specific manner.

It has recently become well-established that there is a connection between Alzheimer's disease pathology and gut microbiome dysbiosis. We have previously demonstrated that antibiotic-mediated gut microbiota perturbations lead to attenuation of Aβ deposition, phosphorylated tau accumulation, and disease-associated glial cell phenotypes in a sex-dependent manner. In this regard, we were intrigued by the finding that a marine-derived oligosaccharide, GV-971, was reported to alter gut microbiota and reduce Aβ amyloidosis in the 5XFAD mouse model that were treated at a point when Aβ burden was near plateau levels.