Continuous Monitoring of Sulfur Dioxide Removal Using K-Band Molecular Rotational Resonance Spectroscopy.

Sulfur dioxide (SO), an air pollutant, poses significant threats to both public health and the environment. It is one of the six air pollutants regulated by the U.S.

Separating cognitive and motor processes in the behaving mouse.

The cognitive processes supporting complex animal behavior are closely associated with movements responsible for critical processes, such as facial expressions or the active sampling of our environments. These movements are strongly related to neural activity across much of the brain and are often highly correlated with ongoing cognitive processes. A fundamental issue for understanding the neural signatures of cognition and movements is whether cognitive processes are separable from related movements or if they are driven by common neural mechanisms.

Flexible electronic-photonic 3D integration from ultrathin polymer chiplets.

The integration of flexible electronics and photonics has the potential to create revolutionary technologies, yet it has been challenging to marry electronic and photonic components on a single polymer device, especially through high-volume manufacturing. Here, we present a robust, chiplet-level heterogeneous integration of polymer-based circuits (CHIP), where several post-fabricated, ultrathin, polymer electronic, and optoelectronic chiplets are vertically bonded into one single chip at room temperature and then shaped into application-specific form factors with monolithic Input/Output (I/O). As a demonstration, we applied this process and developed a flexible 3D-integrated optrode with high-density arrays of microelectrodes for electrical recording and micro light-emitting diodes (μLEDs) for optogenetic stimulation while with unprecedented integration of additional temperature sensors for bio-safe operations and shielding designs for optoelectronic artifact prevention.

Mercury(II) halide complex of -[( BuNH)(Se)P(μ-N Bu)P(Se)(NH Bu)].

The mercury(II) halide complex [1,3-di--butyl-2,4-bis-(-butyl-amino)-1,3,2λ,4λ-di-aza-diphosphetidine-2,4-diselone-κ ,']di-iodido-mercury(II),-di-methyl-formamide monosolvate, [HgI(CHNPSe)]·CHNO or ()HgI, , containing -[( BuNH)(Se)P(μ-N Bu)P(Se)(NH Bu)] () was synthesized and structurally characterized. The crystal structure of confirms the chelation of chalcogen donors to HgI with a natural bite angle of 112.95 (2)°.

IN VIVO CELL-TYPE AND BRAIN REGION CLASSIFICATION VIA MULTIMODAL CONTRASTIVE LEARNING.

Current electrophysiological approaches can track the activity of many neurons, yet it is usually unknown which cell-types or brain areas are being recorded without further molecular or histological analysis. Developing accurate and scalable algorithms for identifying the cell-type and brain region of recorded neurons is thus crucial for improving our understanding of neural computation. In this work, we develop a multimodal contrastive learning approach for neural data that can be fine-tuned for different downstream tasks, including inference of cell-type and brain location.

Evaluating the Depth of Penetration of Calcium Hydroxide Mixed With Three Different Herbal Essential Oils Using a Confocal Laser Scanning Microscope.

Introduction The goal of endodontic therapy is to completely eliminate the infection and stop microbes from infecting or reinfecting the root canal and the periradicular tissues. Amongst the primary microorganisms,  (), a Gram-positive anaerobe, is the main cause of pulpal and periapical inflammation causing root canal failure. Literature evidence shows that the gold-standard calcium hydroxide is ineffective against due to its resistance to the alkaline pH and proton pump mechanism.

Asymmetric by Design: Heteroleptic Coordination Compounds with Redox-Active Dithiolene and 1,2,4,5-Tetrakis(isopropylthio)benzene Ligands.

The 1,2,4,5-tetrakis(alkylthio)benzenes are redox-active organosulfur molecules that support oxidation to a stable radical cation. Their utility as ligands for the assembly of multimetal complexes with tailored functionality/property is unexamined. Here, 1,2,4,5-tetrakis(isopropylthio)benzene (tptbz, ) is shown to bind PdCl at either one end, leaving the other open, or at both ends to form centrosymmetric [ClPd(tptbz)PdCl], .

Initial conditions combine with sensory evidence to induce decision-related dynamics in premotor cortex.

We used a dynamical systems perspective to understand decision-related neural activity, a fundamentally unresolved problem. This perspective posits that time-varying neural activity is described by a state equation with an initial condition and evolves in time by combining at each time step, recurrent activity and inputs. We hypothesized various dynamical mechanisms of decisions, simulated them in models to derive predictions, and evaluated these predictions by examining firing rates of neurons in the dorsal premotor cortex (PMd) of monkeys performing a perceptual decision-making task.

The dynamics and geometry of choice in premotor cortex.

The brain represents sensory variables in the coordinated activity of neural populations, in which tuning curves of single neurons define the geometry of the population code. Whether the same coding principle holds for dynamic cognitive variables remains unknown because internal cognitive processes unfold with a unique time course on single trials observed only in the irregular spiking of heterogeneous neural populations. Here we show the existence of such a population code for the dynamics of choice formation in the primate premotor cortex.

The information bottleneck as a principle underlying multi-area cortical representations during decision-making.

Decision-making emerges from distributed computations across multiple brain areas, but it is unclear the brain distributes the computation. In deep learning, artificial neural networks use multiple areas (or layers) and form optimal representations of task inputs. These optimal representations are to perform the task well, but so they are invariant to other irrelevant variables.

WaveMAP for identifying putative cell types from in vivo electrophysiology.

Action potential spike widths are used to classify cell types as either excitatory or inhibitory; however, this approach obscures other differences in waveform shape useful for identifying more fine-grained cell types. Here, we present a protocol for using WaveMAP to generate nuanced average waveform clusters more closely linked to underlying cell types. We describe steps for installing WaveMAP, preprocessing data, and clustering waveform into putative cell types.

Fragility fracture care gap at a tertiary teaching hospital in Malaysia.

Unlabelled: Fracture begets fracture, pharmacological treatment is needed to prevent secondary fractures. This study found that there was a fragility fracture care gap where both bone health investigations and treatment initiation rates were low. Strategies such as Fracture Liaison Service is needed to address the care gap.

Inhibition of serotonin biosynthesis in neuroendocrine neoplasm suppresses tumor growth .

Small bowel neuroendocrine tumors (SBNETs) originate from enterochromaffin cells in the intestine which synthesize and secrete serotonin. SBNETs express high levels of tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (Tph1), a key enzyme in serotonin biosynthesis. Patients with high serotonin level may develop carcinoid syndrome, which can be treated with somatostatin analogues and the Tph1 inhibitor telotristat ethyl in severe cases.

Crystal structure of 4,5-dimethyl-1,3-dioxol-2-one.

The planar title compound 4,5-dimethyl-1,3-dioxol-2-one, CHO, , crystallizes with its mol-ecular axis coincident with a crystallographic mirror plane in space group 2/. In the plane defined by the axis and an face diagonal, anti-parallel linear strands of , formed by simple translation, associate to form sheets with close H⋯H and O⋯O inter-molecular contacts. Between the sheets, parallel strands of place the carbonyl O atom near the five-membered ring centroid of a neighboring mol-ecule with close O⋯O and O⋯C contacts.

Hip fracture management in the emergency department and its impact on hospital outcomes: a retrospective cross-sectional analysis.

Purpose: The emergency department (ED) plays an important role in initiating early treatment for hip fractures and ensuring prompt transfer to orthopaedic wards. This study reported on the care delivered in a tertiary centre ED in Malaysia and the association between time spent in ED with hospital outcomes.

Methods: Patients aged ≥ 65 years with fragility hip fractures and seen by the geriatric team were recruited.

Non-linear dimensionality reduction on extracellular waveforms reveals cell type diversity in premotor cortex.

Cortical circuits are thought to contain a large number of cell types that coordinate to produce behavior. Current in vivo methods rely on clustering of specified features of extracellular waveforms to identify putative cell types, but these capture only a small amount of variation. Here, we develop a new method () that combines non-linear dimensionality reduction with graph clustering to identify putative cell types.

An atypical case of cutaneous cysticercosis in buccal mucosa.

Cysticercosis is a recognized fatal disease to the humans. , a larval stage of pork tapeworm that causes cysticercosis which is an important cause of morbidity in the world. This case report shows the clinical presentations of an atypical case of cutaneous cysticercosis on the right buccal mucosa and its management.

Influence of Lignocaine Hydrochloride with Adrenaline on Free Active Chlorine Content of Sodium Hypochlorite Solution Admixed in Various Proportions.

Objective: Local anaesthetic solution that is commonly employed for supplemental intrapulpal injection (IPI) may routinely come in contact with subsequently used sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) during endodontic treatment of symptomatic irreversible pulpitis cases. This in vitro study investigated the available free active chlorine (FAC) content of 3% NaOCl after mixing with 2% lignocaine hydrochloride with adrenaline (LA) solution in three different proportions using iodometric titration analysis.

Methods: Aliquots of 3% NaOCl (control) in different measures (30 mL, 27 mL, 21 mL and 15 mL) served as the effective concentrate of various proportions of NaOCl admixed with the test solutions, i.

Decoding and perturbing decision states in real time.

In dynamic environments, subjects often integrate multiple samples of a signal and combine them to reach a categorical judgment. The process of deliberation can be described by a time-varying decision variable (DV), decoded from neural population activity, that predicts a subject's upcoming decision. Within single trials, however, there are large moment-to-moment fluctuations in the DV, the behavioural significance of which is unclear.

Structure bound guide to access cavity preparation for molar root canal treatment.

A good access cavity preparation is the gateway to success in endodontic treatment. This article presents occlusal landmarks that can be used as the boundary for the endodontic access at the occlusal surfaces of maxillary and mandibular molars. Further this article gives a structure or landmark guided three simple stages of preparation to reach the pulp chamber.

Post-operative analgesia of 2% lignocaine with or without magnesium sulfate for inferior alveolar nerve block in symptomatic mandibular molars - a randomized double blind controlled clinical trial.

Background: Single inferior alveolar nerve block is ineffective in achieving adequate pulpal anesthesia in 30-80% of patients due to anatomical variations, local tissue pH, central sensitization, and several factors. Various supplementary techniques and combination of adjuvants with lignocaine are used to overcome these failures. Magnesium sulfate (MgSO), one such adjuvant, acts at the N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptor resulting in effective anesthesia.

Publisher Correction: Development of an optogenetic toolkit for neural circuit dissection in squirrel monkeys.

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.

ChaRTr: An R toolbox for modeling choices and response times in decision-making tasks.

Background: Decision-making is the process of choosing and performing actions in response to sensory cues to achieve behavioral goals. Many mathematical models have been developed to describe the choice behavior and response time (RT) distributions of observers performing decision-making tasks. However, relatively few researchers use these models because it demands expertise in various numerical, statistical, and software techniques.

Audiovisual detection at different intensities and delays.

In the redundant signals task, two target stimuli are associated with the same response. If both targets are presented together, redundancy gains are observed, as compared with single-target presentation. Different models explain these redundancy gains, including race and coactivation models (e.