Whole genome sequence and de novo assembly revealed genomic architecture of Indian Mithun (Bos frontalis).

Background: Mithun (Bos frontalis), also called gayal, is an endangered bovine species, under the tribe bovini with 2n = 58 XX chromosome complements and reared under the tropical rain forests region of India, China, Myanmar, Bhutan and Bangladesh. However, the origin of this species is still disputed and information on its genomic architecture is scanty so far. We trust that availability of its whole genome sequence data and assembly will greatly solve this problem and help to generate many information including phylogenetic status of mithun.

Muscle transcriptome signature and gene regulatory network analysis in two divergent lines of a hilly bovine species Mithun (Bos frontalis).

A massive bovine, Bos frontalis, also known as Mithun or Gayal, found at higher altitude is very promising meat and milk animal. For candidate gene and marker discovery, RNA-seq data was generated from longissimus dorsi muscle tissues with Illumina-HiSeq. Such markers can be used in future for genetic gain of traits like feed conversion efficiency (FCE) and average daily gain (ADG).

High-density Genotyping reveals Genomic Characterization, Population Structure and Genetic Diversity of Indian Mithun (Bos frontalis).

The current study aimed at genomic characterization and improved understanding of genetic diversity of two Indian mithun populations (both farm, 48 animals and field, 24 animals) using genome wide genotype data generated with Illumina BovineHD BeadChip. Eight additional populations of taurine cattle (Holstein and NDama), indicine cattle (Gir) and other evolutionarily closely related species (Bali cattle, Yak, Bison, Gaur and wild buffalo) were also included in this analysis (N = 137) for comparative purposes. Our results show that the genetic background of mithun populations was uniform with few possible signs of indicine admixture.

Intake, digestibility and nitrogen balance in Mithun (Bos frontalis) offered urea-treated paddy straw based feed blocks.

The aim of the study was to determine the effect of feeding feed blocks containing varying proportion of urea-treated paddy straw (UTPS) on dry matter (DM) intake (DMI), nutrient utilization and N balance in Mithun. For the purpose, four adult male Mithun (279.5 ± 8.

Electrocardiogram of Clinically Healthy Mithun (Bos frontalis): Variation among Strains.

A study was conducted to establish the normal electrocardiogram in four different genetic strains of mithun (Bos frontalis). Electrocardiography, cardiac electrical axis, heart rate, rectal temperature and respiration rate were recorded in a total of 32 adult male mithun of four strains (n = 8 each). It was found that the respiration and heart rates were higher (P < .

Characterization of Mithun (Bos frontalis) ejaculates and fertility of cryopreserved sperm.

Technologies for conservation and propagation of genetic resources in the Mithun (Bos frontalis), a rare semi-wild bovine species of Southeast Asia. Successful cryopreservation of Mithun semen would provide a potential vehicle to address above issue. To date, information on characteristics of Mithun ejaculates is not available and there are no reports of birth of live offspring using cryopreserved Mithun semen collected using AV method.

Determination of effective dosage of GH-releasing factor for blood GH responses in mithun (Bos frontalis).

A study was undertaken to determine the effective dosage of GH-releasing hormone (GRF) required to produce blood GH response in mithun (Bos frontalis), a semi-wild ruminant species. For the purpose, 12 mithuns averaging 11.5 months of age and 146 kg body weight (BW) were randomly assigned to receive GRF (n = 12), administered at 0 (normal saline), 5, 10 and 20 mug per 100 kg BW.

Development of a biotin-streptavidin amplified enzyme immunoassay for oxytocin and its application during milk ejection and the reproductive cycle in the mithun (Bos frontalis).

Oxytocin is a key hormone involved in milk ejection. It plays a key role in regulation of reproductive cyclicity in female mammals by taking part in the process of luteolysis. Determination of oxytocin is, therefore, important for studying the control of its secretion and its role in reproduction of the mithun.

Highly sensitive second antibody format enzymeimmunoassay for determination of 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGF2alpha in blood plasma of mithun (Bos frontalis).

As an alternative to radioimmunoassays, a simple, highly sensitive and quick enzymeimmunoassay (EIA) for determination of 13,14-dihydro-15-keto-PGF(2alpha) (PGFM) in blood plasma of mithun (Bos frontalis; bovine) on microtitreplates using second antibody coating technique and PGFM-horseradish peroxidase as a label has been developed. The wells of the microtitreplate were coated with affinity-purified goat IgG (antirabbit IgG) that binds the hormone specific antibody. The EIA was carried out directly in 20microl plasma.

Exogenous GH-releasing hormone increases GH and LH secretion in growing mithuns (Bos frontalis).

To investigate the effects of growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) administration on the patterns of GH and LH secretion in growing female mithuns, 12 mithuns within the age group of 10-12 months of age were divided into two groups (treatment and control groups) of six each in such a way that average body weight between the groups did not differ significantly (P>0.05). Both the groups were administered i.

Behavioral estrous signs can predict the time of ovulation in mithun (Bos frontalis).

The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship of different behavioral estrous signs and time of ovulation to identify if behavioral estrous sign(s) can be used as predictor of time of ovulation in mithuns. Data were collected for 54 ovulations from 16 mithuns. The animals were monitored for onset of estrus by observing different behavioral estrous signs at 2 h interval and bull parading thrice a day for 30 min and were further confirmed by plasma progesterone profile.

Relationship of plasma estradiol-17beta, total estrogen, and progesterone to estrus behavior in mithun (Bos frontalis) cows.

The objectives of this study were (1) to establish the characteristics of estrus behavior in mithun cows (n = 12) and (2) to determine the relationships between this behavior and the plasma concentrations of estradiol-17beta (E2), total estrogen, and progesterone. Estrus was detected by visual observations of estrus signs, per recta examination of genitalia and bull parading thrice a day for three consecutive cycles. Among the behavioral signs of estrus, the cow to be mounted by bull (100%) was the best indicator of estrus followed by standing to be mounted (92%).

Diurnal changes in blood metabolites and their relation to plasma growth hormone and time of feeding in mithun heifers (Bos frontalis).

The aim of the present study was to investigate what, if any, diurnal changes occur in blood metabolites in relation to plasma growth hormone (GH) and feeding time among mithun (Bos frontalis), a semi-wild ruminant. Blood samples were collected at hourly intervals during a 24 h span from 6 mithun heifers (averaging 2.5 yr of age and averaging 230 kg in weight) that were fed twice a day at 11:00 and 16:00 h.

Development and validation of a sensitive radioimmunoassay for progesterone estimation in unextracted mithun (Bos frontalis) plasma.

The objective of the study was to develop and validate a simple, reliable, and highly sensitive radioimmunoassay (RIA) for progesterone determination in mithun (Bos frontalis) plasma. The RIA was carried out in 20 microL unextracted mithun plasma. The progesterone standards ranging from 2 to 500pg/20 microL/tube were prepared in charcoal-treated hormone-free plasma.

Relationship between plasma growth hormone concentrations and temperament in mithuns (Bos frontalis).

The aim of the present study was to verify whether or not plasma growth hormone (GH) concentrations are correlated with temperament in mithuns (Bos frontalis), a semiwild ruminant. Therefore, a total of 69 female mithuns from four different strains, viz., Arunachal, Nagaland, Mizoram, and Manipur, were divided into six age groups (Group I, 0-6 months; Group II, >6-12 months; Group III, >1-2 years; Group IV, >2-2.

Secretion patterns of luteinizing hormone in growing mithuns (Bos frontalis).

To characterize the luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion patterns in growing mithun (Bos frontalis), a semi-wild ruminant, six female mithuns (1 year old; BW: 145.5 kg) were maintained in a semi-intensive system. Plasma progesterone (P(4)) level was measured in twice-a-week samples collected for six weeks to assess ovarian status.

Twenty-four-hour secretion patterns of luteinizing hormone in mithuns (Bos frontalis).

A 24 h secretion pattern of luteinizing hormone (LH) was not available in mithun (Bos frontalis), a semi-wild ruminant. To characterize the 24 h LH profiles, six female mithun calves (age 7.8 +/- 0.

Development and validation of a simple, sensitive, second antibody format enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for LH determination in mithun (Bos frontalis) plasma.

The objective of this study was to develop and validate a simple and highly sensitive enzyme immunoassay (EIA) for LH determination in mithun plasma on microtitreplates using the biotin-streptavidin amplification system and the second antibody coating technique. Biotin was coupled to LH and used to bridge between streptavidin-peroxidase and immobilized antiserum in competitive assay. The EIA was carried out directly in 20 microL mithun plasma.

Secretion patterns of growth hormone in growing captive mithuns (Bos frontalis).

A study was conducted in May 2003 to characterize plasma growth hormone (GH) pattern in growing mithuns (Bos frontalis), a rare semi-wild ruminant. Six mithun calves averaging 235 day of age and 124 kg were maintained in semi-intensive system and group-fed once daily. Animals gained at a mean rate of 0.