Violence risk assessment of Sovereign Citizens: An exploratory examination of the HCR-20 Version 3 and the TRAP-18.

Sovereign Citizens comprise an understudied right-wing extremist movement in the United States who have grown in notoriety in recent years due to several high-profile instances of violence. Despite this, little empirical research has been conducted on Sovereign Citizens, including research on assessing their risk for violence. In this study, we sought to replicate and extend a prior study on Sovereign Citizen violence.

Changing infant feeding practices and declining incidence of coeliac disease in West Somerset.

An association was investigated between changing infant feeding practices and a declining incidence of childhood coeliac disease and transient gluten intolerance (TGI) in West Somerset, England during 1971-92. Dietary histories of 18 patients with coeliac disease were compared with 23 controls during 1971-80 and eight patients with coeliac disease and 39 controls during 1981-92. Our findings showed that the declining incidence of coeliac disease and TGI were associated with changing infant feeding practices, characterised by the later introduction of dietary gluten, an increased use of baby rice and gluten free foods for weaning, and an increased incidence of initial breast feeding.

The trophic action of growth hormone, insulin-like growth factor-I, and insulin on human duodenal mucosa cultured in vitro.

Background: Experimental evidence suggests that hormones may regulate small intestinal adaptation after surgical resection.

Aims: To characterise the effect of recombinant human growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and insulin on crypt epithelial cell proliferation in the human duodenal mucosa cultured in vitro.

Patients: Thirty nine adults had endoscopic duodenal biopsy specimens taken, which were histologically normal and pair matched specimens from each patient acted as their own control.

The trophic action of human growth hormone on human duodenal mucosa cultured in vitro.

The influence of human growth hormone (hGH) on crypt cell proliferation in cultured explants of human duodenal mucosa has been studied, using a stathmokinetic technique with crypt microdissection. The addition of hGH (0.004 IU/ml) to paired duodenal explants from eight patients significantly increased epithelial crypt cell proliferation (p < 0.

A morphological study of beta-lactoglobulin absorption by cultured explants of the human duodenal mucosa using immunocytochemical and cytochemical techniques.

The absorption of beta-lactoglobulin (BLG) by cultured explants of the normal adult duodenal mucosa has been studied in vitro using immunocytochemical techniques. Membrane filters (1 mm2) were soaked in medium containing BLG and placed on the mucosal surface. Explants were cultured for < or = 60 min, and histological sections were immunostained for BLG.

Effect of dietary calcium on the colonic luminal environment.

Dietary supplementation with calcium may prevent the development of colorectal cancer. This mechanism may be related to fatty acid and bile salt chelation in the small bowel forming non-toxic calcium-soap compounds. Calcium may also act locally or systemically on the colonic mucosa.

Trophic action of epidermal growth factor on human duodenal mucosa cultured in vitro.

The action of epidermal growth factor on the human duodenal mucosa has been studied by estimating the crypt cell production rate in cultured explants, using a stathmokinetic technique with crypt microdissection. The addition of epidermal growth factor (400 ng/ml) to paired explants from five patients caused an almost fivefold increase in the crypt cell production rate, showing that epidermal growth factor has a trophic action on the human duodenal mucosa in vitro.

Validation of organ culture in colonic adaptation to surgical manipulation.

Valuable information on intestinal adaptation can be gained by using the technique of organ culture to measure the crypt cell production rate. It is not known, however, whether the production rate in organ culture accurately represent that in vivo. Colonic crypt cell production rate, determined by a standard method in vivo, was compared with that in vitro in organ culture in 56 rats.

Rectal hyperplasia after jejunoileal bypass for morbid obesity.

Jejunoileal bypass (JIB) has been widely used to treat patients with morbid obesity for the past 20 years. In rats JIB causes adaptive colonic hyperplasia and enhances colorectal neoplasia. In this study crypt cell production rate (CCPR) was measured stathmokinetically in cultured rectal biopsies from nine patients with JIB and seven controls without intestinal operations or disease.

Influence of 5-hydroxytryptamine on crypt cell production rate of human duodenal mucosa cultured in vitro.

The effect of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) on the crypt cell production rate in normal human duodenal mucosa cultured in vitro was studied using a stathmokinetic technique with crypt microdissection. The addition of 5-HT (2 mg/ml) to the culture medium significantly increased the crypt cell production rate (p less than 0.001), suggesting that this amine may have a trophic effect on crypt cells in vitro.

Are the changes of mood in children with coeliac disease due to abnormal serotonin metabolism?

Children with untreated coeliac disease are characteristically unhappy and after a few days of treatment with a gluten-free diet their mood improves. This improvement in mood can be rapidly reversed by introducing gluten into their diet again which suggests that a humoral agent could be involved in this process. As serotonin is a neurotransmitter in the brain and abnormalities of serotonin metabolism have been reported in coeliac disease, this biogenic amine could be the humoral agent that mediates the changes of mood in coeliac disease.

Morphometric studies and eosinophil cell counts in the duodenal mucosa of children with chronic nonspecific diarrhoea and cow's milk allergy.

Morphometric studies and eosinophil counts in the lamina propria of the duodenal mucosa have been performed in patients with chronic nonspecific diarrhoea and with persistent diarrhoea due to a cow's milk allergy, using a semiautomatic image analysing system. The results have shown that the mean eosinophil count was significantly higher in both of these groups of patients compared with a control group (p less than 0.001), and some of the patients with chronic nonspecific diarrhoea had partial villous flattening.

Growth of crypt cell nodules in duodenal mucosa in man during organ culture in vitro.

Culture of peroral biopsy specimens from duodenal mucosa in vitro for 22 hours using a basic culture medium resulted in the formation of crypt cell nodules. The addition of collagen and serotonin to the culture medium increased the occurrence of the nodules and, invariably, their size. The nodules were situated on the pericryptal basement membrane and contained cells that resembled columnar cells, goblet cells, and endocrine cells.

Quantification of enterochromaffin cells with serotonin immunoreactivity in the duodenal mucosa in coeliac disease.

Enterochromaffin cells in the duodenal mucosa were stained by using a monoclonal antibody against serotonin immunoreactive sites and an indirect immunoperoxidase technique. A semi-automatic image analysing system showed increased numbers of these cells in patients with untreated coeliac disease compared with a control group. The number of serotonin positive granules in individual enterochromaffin cells also seemed to be increased in patients with coeliac disease, a finding which may be related to the pathogenesis of this disorder.

A quantitative assessment of jejunal villous damage in coeliac disease, using the mucosal index.

A semi-automatic method has been used to study the morphology of sections of the jejunal mucosa from adults with coeliac disease and from normal controls. Mucosal morphology was quantified in each patient by using the Mucosal Index (surface mucosal length/muscularis mucosal length), which numerically expressed the degree of villous flattening present in patients with coeliac disease.

Persistent nausea and food aversions in pregnancy. A possible association with cow's milk allergy in infants.

In a retrospective study the mothers of twenty-one children with well-defined cow's milk allergy and an equal number of matched controls were asked about their health and diet in pregnancy and the pattern of feeding of their children in infancy. Corroborative evidence was obtained from the medical notes. Nausea in pregnancy was found to be more persistent and atopic disease more common among the mothers of the milk allergic children; in this group food aversions during pregnancy were also more common particularly to dairy produce.

Increased tissue concentrations of histamine in the duodenal mucosa of children with coeliac disease.

Tissue concentrations of histamine have been estimated in peroral duodenal biopsy specimens from five children with coeliac disease while on a gluten-free diet and after a three-month gluten challenge. Histamine concentrations in the patients on a diet did not differ significantly from a group of control children. However after gluten challenge, histological relapse of the duodenal mucosa in each patient was associated with increased tissue concentrations of histamine.

Automated analysis of morphological change in the duodenal mucosa of children with coeliac disease.

A modular image analysing system was used to study the morphology of the duodenal mucosa in children with coeliac disease and to compare it with normal duodenal biopsies. The results suggest that this automated method of tissue analysis is useful for the routine analysis of small intestinal biopsies.