To err is human but to persist is diabolical: Toward a theory of interactional policing.

Social interaction is organized around norms and preferences that guide our construction of actions and our interpretation of those of others, creating a reflexive moral order. Sociological theory suggests two possibilities for the type of moral order that underlies the policing of interactional norm and preference violations: a morality that focuses on the of violations themselves and a morality that focuses on the of actors as they maintain their conduct's comprehensibility, even when they depart from norms and preferences. We find that actors are more likely to reproach interactional violations for which an account is not provided by the transgressor, and that actors weakly reproach or let pass first offenses while more strongly policing violators who persist in bad behavior.

Informed breeding dispersal following stochastic changes to patch quality in a pond-breeding amphibian.

The unidirectional movement of animals between breeding patches (i.e. breeding dispersal) has profound implications for the ecological and evolutionary dynamics of spatially structured populations.

Assessment of Lebanese healthcare professionals' awareness on acquired haemophilia: a cross-sectional study.

Background: Acquired haemophilia A (AHA) is a rare immune-mediated disorder characterised by the development of autoantibodies against factor VIII. Morbidity and mortality are in general high due to multiple factors including the age of the patient, underlying diseases, toxic effects of available treatments and bleeding itself.

Objective: To assess the awareness about AHA among healthcare professionals (HCPs) in Lebanon where patients can present to non-haematologists with life-threatening bleeding disorders.

Infection Status as the Basis for Habitat Choices in a Wild Amphibian.

AbstractAnimals challenged with disease may select specific habitat conditions that help prevent or reduce infection. Whereas preinfection avoidance of habitats with a high risk of disease exposure has been documented in both captive and free-ranging animals, evidence of switching habitats after infection to support the clearing of the infection is limited to laboratory experiments. The extent to which wild animals proximately modify habitat choices in response to infection status thus remains unclear.

Hypoglycaemia assessment tool (HAT) study: subanalysis of the Lebanese cohort.

Background: Diabetic hypoglycaemia affects medication adherence, patients' productivity and quality of life. It is also associated with an increased risk of cardiovascular complications.

Aims: To examine the impact of hypoglycaemia in insulin-treated patients in the Lebanese cohort of the Hypoglycaemia Assessment Tool (HAT) study.

Behavioural plasticity modulates temperature-related constraints on foraging time for a montane mammal.

Contemporary climate change is altering temperature profiles across the globe. Increasing temperatures can reduce the amount of time during which conditions are suitable for animals to engage in essential activities, such as securing food. Behavioural plasticity, the ability to alter behaviour in response to the environment, may provide animals with a tool to adjust to changes in the availability of suitable thermal conditions.

Identifying Holes in the Greater Sage-Grouse Conservation Umbrella.

The umbrella species concept, wherein multiple species are indirectly protected under the umbrella of a reserve created for one, is intended to enhance conservation efficiency. Although appealing in theory and common in practice, empirical tests of the concept have been scarce. We used a real-world, semi-protected reserve established to protect a high-profile umbrella species (greater sage-grouse []) to investigate 2 potential mechanisms underlying the concept's successful application: reserve size and species similarity.

AN INVERTEBRATE ECOSYSTEM ENGINEER UNDER THE UMBRELLA OF SAGE-GROUSE CONSERVATION.

Conservation practitioners often rely on areas designed to protect species of greatest conservation priority to also conserve co-occurring species (i.e., the umbrella species concept).

What to eat in a warming world: do increased temperatures necessitate hazardous duty pay?

Contemporary climate change affects nearly all biomes, causing shifts in animal distributions and resource availability. Changes in resource selection may allow individuals to offset climatic stress, thereby providing a mechanism for persistence amidst warming conditions. Whereas the role of predation risk in food choice has been studied broadly, the extent to which individuals respond to thermoregulatory risk by changing resource preferences is unclear.

When perception reflects reality: Non-native grass invasion alters small mammal risk landscapes and survival.

Modification of habitat structure due to invasive plants can alter the risk landscape for wildlife by, for example, changing the quality or availability of refuge habitat. Whether perceived risk corresponds with actual fitness outcomes, however, remains an important open question. We simultaneously measured how habitat changes due to a common invasive grass (cheatgrass, ) affected the perceived risk, habitat selection, and apparent survival of a small mammal, enabling us to assess how well perceived risk influenced important behaviors and reflected actual risk.

Species' traits help predict small mammal responses to habitat homogenization by an invasive grass.

Invasive plants can negatively affect native species, however, the strength, direction, and shape of responses may vary depending on the type of habitat alteration and the natural history of native species. To prioritize conservation of vulnerable species, it is therefore critical to effectively predict species' responses to invasive plants, which may be facilitated by a framework based on species' traits. We studied the population and community responses of small mammals and changes in habitat heterogeneity across a gradient of cheatgrass (Bromus tectorum) cover, a widespread invasive plant in North America.

Climate Tolerances and Habitat Requirements Jointly Shape the Elevational Distribution of the American Pika (Ochotona princeps), with Implications for Climate Change Effects.

Some of the most compelling examples of ecological responses to climate change are elevational range shifts of individual species, which have been observed throughout the world. A growing body of evidence, however, suggests substantial mediation of simple range shifts due to climate change by other limiting factors. Understanding limiting factors for a species within different contexts, therefore, is critical for predicting responses to climate change.

Factors influencing dyslipidemia in statin-treated patients in Lebanon and Jordan: results of the Dyslipidemia International Study.

Background: Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death and disability worldwide. Therefore, as part of the Dyslipidemia International Study (DYSIS), we have analyzed the prevalence of lipid abnormalities and risk factors for dyslipidemia in statin-treated patients in Lebanon and Jordan.

Methods: This cross-sectional, multicenter study enrolled 617 patients at 13 hospitals in Lebanon and Jordan.

Facultative nest patch shifts in response to nest predation risk in the Brewer's sparrow: a "win-stay, lose-switch" strategy?

Facultative shifts in nesting habitat selection in response to perceived predation risk may allow animals to increase the survival probability of sessile offspring. Previous studies on this behavioral strategy have primarily focused on single attributes, such as the distance moved or changes in nesting substrate. However, nest site choice often encompasses multiple habitat elements at both the nest site and nest patch scales.

Habitat structure mediates predation risk for sedentary prey: experimental tests of alternative hypotheses.

1. Predation is an important and ubiquitous selective force that can shape habitat preferences of prey species, but tests of alternative mechanistic hypotheses of habitat influences on predation risk are lacking. 2.

Prevalence and predictors of vitamin D inadequacy amongst Lebanese osteoporotic women.

In Middle-Eastern countries, more particularly in Lebanon, the incidence of vitamin D deficiency has been found to be surprisingly high in schoolchildren and young individuals. However, the prevalence and risk factors for vitamin D inadequacy amongst Lebanese osteoporotic women seeking medical health care has never been studied. We analysed vitamin D-inadequacy risk factors among the 251 Lebanese postmenopausal osteoporotic women (from both Muslim and Christian communities) who participated in a vitamin D international epidemiological study.

Involvement of the cytoskeleton in the effect of PGE2 on ion transport in the rat distal colon.

This work aimed at studying the effect of PGE2 on water and chloride absorption from the rat distal colon and at investigating the involvement of the cytoskeleton in the modulation of colonic transporters. PGE2 increased significantly net water and chloride absorption. It increased also the activity of the Na+K+-ATPase and the expression of the Na+K+2Cl- cotransporter.

Physician assessment of stroke risk in hypertensive patients in the Middle East and Africa: results of the action survey.

Objectives: In the absence of reliable, contemporary national data, the ACTION survey was designed to: a) provide preliminary data on stroke risk in the MEA (Middle East and Africa); b) describe the contribution of specific cardiovascular risk factors; 3) assess blood pressure (BP) control.

Design And Patients: This was a multi-center observational study in nine countries in the MEA region. From 2003 to 2005, 562 physicians from a variety of specialties recorded observations of cardiovascular risk factors in 4,747 hypertensive patients, aged 54-80 years.

Life-history and ecological correlates of geographic variation in egg and clutch mass among passerine species.

Broad geographic patterns in egg and clutch mass are poorly described, and potential causes of variation remain largely unexamined. We describe interspecific variation in avian egg and clutch mass within and among diverse geographic regions and explore hypotheses related to allometry, clutch size, nest predation, adult mortality, and parental care as correlates and possible explanations of variation. We studied 74 species of Passeriformes at four latitudes on three continents: the north temperate United States, tropical Venezuela, subtropical Argentina, and south temperate South Africa.

The effect of systemic zonisamide (Zonegran) on thermal hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia in rats with an experimental mononeuropathy.

Unlabelled: We studied the ability of zonisamide (Zonegran) to relieve thermal hyperalgesia and/or mechanical allodynia in the chronic constriction injury model of neuropathic pain. Zonisamide (25, 50, or 100 mg/kg) or saline was administered in a blinded, randomized manner by intraperitoneal injection on postoperative days (PODs) 4, 5, and 6. Paw withdrawal latency (PWL) to heat, paw withdrawal response to von Frey monofilaments, and pain scores based on weight-bearing were tested: before surgery; before and after zonisamide or saline (PODs 4, 5, and 6); and on POD 9.

Systemic tizanidine hydrochloride (Zanaflex) relieves thermal hyperalgesia in rats with an experimental mononeuropathy.

Unlabelled: We sought to determine whether tizanidine, an alpha2-agonist, relieved thermal hyperalgesia in rats with surgically induced neuropathic pain. We used a Sprague-Dawley rat model in which a chronic constriction of the sciatic nerve caused the rats to develop postural changes, mechanical allodynia, and thermal hyperalgesia. Thermal hyperalgesia was verified through paw withdrawal latency (PWL).