Long-term antiretroviral therapy initiated in acute HIV infection prevents residual dysfunction of HIV-specific CD8 T cells.

Background: Harnessing CD8 T cell responses is being explored to achieve HIV remission. Although HIV-specific CD8 T cells become dysfunctional without treatment, antiretroviral therapy (ART) partially restores their function. However, the extent of this recovery under long-term ART is less understood.

Monocyte and CD4+ T-cell antiviral and innate responses associated with HIV-1 inflammation and cognitive impairment.

Objective: Mechanisms underlying immune activation and HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) in untreated chronic infection remain unclear. The objective of this study was to identify phenotypic and transcriptional changes in blood monocytes and CD4 T cells in HIV-1-infected and uninfected individuals and elucidate processes associated with neurocognitive impairment.

Design: A group of chronically HIV-1-infected Thai individuals (n = 19) were selected for comparison with healthy donor controls (n = 10).

A comparative study between intradermal botulinum toxin A and fractional microneedle radiofrequency (FMR) for the treatment of primary axillary hyperhidrosis.

Microneedle radiofrequency (FMR) for the treatment of primary axillary hyperhidrosis radiofrequency (RF) technology is a new modality that applied deep heat energy directly affecting the epidermis and dermis. Limiting data about FMR for axillary hyperhidrosis is concerning. To compare clinical efficacy between fractional microneedle radiofrequency and intradermal botulinum toxin type A injection.

Infrequent HIV Infection of Circulating Monocytes during Antiretroviral Therapy.

Whereas human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) persists in tissue macrophages during antiretroviral therapy (ART), the role of circulating monocytes as HIV reservoirs remains controversial. Three magnetic bead selection methods and flow cytometry cell sorting were compared for their capacity to yield pure CD14 monocyte populations. Cell sorting by flow cytometry provided the purest population of monocytes (median CD4 T-cell contamination, 0.

Nitrogen plasma skin regeneration for the treatment of mild-to-moderate periorbital wrinkles: A prospective, randomized, controlled evaluator-blinded trial.

Background: Nitrogen plasma skin regeneration is a novel device that produces heat to the skin, resulting in the production of new collagen. Because of lower energy with safer skin damage and lesser adverse effects who have high Fitzpatrick's skin type especially Thais, this technique is very interesting for clinical application for skin esthetic treatment. However, this treatment has yet been empirically studied as the treatment for mild-to-moderate periorbital wrinkles.

Normalization of Soluble CD163 Levels After Institution of Antiretroviral Therapy During Acute HIV Infection Tracks with Fewer Neurological Abnormalities.

Background: Myeloid activation contributes to cognitive impairment in chronic human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. We explored whether combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) initiation during acute HIV infection impacts CD163 shedding, a myeloid activation marker, and in turn, implications on the central nervous system (CNS).

Methods: We measured soluble CD163 (sCD163) levels in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in Thais who initiated cART during acute HIV infection (Fiebig stages I-IV).

Characterization of Cellular Immune Responses in Thai Individuals With and Without HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders.

HIV-associated neurocognitive disorder (HAND) remains a challenge despite antiretroviral therapy (ART), and has been linked to monocyte/macrophage (M/M) migration to the brain. Due to the potential impact of T cell effector mechanisms in eliminating activated/HIV-infected M/M, T cell activation may play a role in the development of HAND. We sought to investigate the relationship between cognition and both CD8 T cell activation (HLA-DR/CD38) and HIV-specific CD8 T cell responses at the time of HIV diagnosis and 12 months postinitiation of ART.

Clinical Outcomes of Minimized Hydrocortisone Dosage of 100 Mg/Day on Lower Occurrence of Hyperglycemia in Septic Shock Patients.

Background: The current international guideline recommended 200 mg/day of hydrocortisone intravenously to treat septic shock. However, a subsequent study on cortisol metabolism actually showed an increase in cortisol level during sepsis. Hence, the smaller hydrocortisone dose of 100 mg/day might be sufficient and reduce steroid-associated complications.

Effects of a fractional picosecond 1,064 nm laser for the treatment of dermal and mixed type melasma.

Background: Picosecond laser is a novel modality for pigmented skin disorders with extremely short pulse duration. Little is known about the effects of the picosecond laser in melasma.

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the efficacy of fractional picosecond 1,064 nm laser in melasma treatment.

Delayed differentiation of potent effector CD8 T cells reducing viremia and reservoir seeding in acute HIV infection.

CD8 T cells play a critical role in controlling HIV viremia and could be important in reducing HIV-infected cells in approaches to eradicate HIV. The simian immunodeficiency virus model provided the proof of concept for a CD8 T cell-mediated reservoir clearance but showed conflicting evidence on the role of these cells to eliminate HIV-infected cells. In humans, HIV-specific CD8 T cell responses have not been associated with a reduction of the HIV-infected cell pool in vivo.

High Number of Activated CD8+ T Cells Targeting HIV Antigens Are Present in Cerebrospinal Fluid in Acute HIV Infection.

Background: Central nervous system (CNS) infiltration by CD8 T cells is associated with neuroinflammation in many neurodegenerative diseases, including HIV-associated dementia. However, the role of CD8 T cells in the CNS during acute HIV infection (AHI) is unknown.

Methods: We analyzed the phenotype, gene expression, T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire, and HIV specificity of CD8 T cells in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of a unique cohort captured during the earliest stages of AHI (n = 26), chronic (n = 23), and uninfected (n = 8).

Comparative Trial of Silver Nanoparticle Gel and 1% Clindamycin Gel when Use in Combination with 2.5% Benzoyl Peroxide in Patients with Moderate Acne Vulgaris.

Background: Treatments of acne vulgaris commonly use antimicrobials and comedolytic agents. Considering bacterial resistance to topical antibiotics, the alternative treatment such as silver manufactured into nanoparticle receives an attention. Silver nanoparticle has an antibacterial effect against Propionibacterium acnes and anti-inflammation.

Immediate initiation of cART is associated with lower levels of cerebrospinal fluid YKL-40, a marker of microglial activation, in HIV-1 infection.

Objective: To characterize cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) YKL-40, a unique biomarker that reflects activation of microglial cells, in acute (AHI) and chronic HIV-1 infection (CHI) and to determine the effect of treatment initiation on levels of this marker.

Design: A cross-sectional study of two groups of HIV-infected participants at baseline and follow-up timepoints.

Methods: AHI (n = 33) and CHI (n = 34) participants underwent CSF and blood sampling before treatment initiation with combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) and at follow-up on cART in a subset of these individuals [6 months in AHI participants (n = 24), 1 year in CHI participants (n = 10)].

An efficacy and safety of nanofractional radiofrequency for the treatment of striae alba.

Background: Striae distensae (SD) is a form of dermal scar. A number of treatments have been proposed, but they usually have unsatisfactory result especially in striae alba. Recently, nanofractional RF has been developed.

Clinical inertia causing new or progression of diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetes: A retrospective cohort study.

Background: Clinical inertia is a failure to intensify treatment according to evidence-based guidelines, and can have both short- and long-term adverse effects for type 2 diabetes (T2D). The aim of the present study was to demonstrate the effects of clinical inertia on glycemic control and diabetes-related complications.

Methods: A retrospective cohort study was conducted at a university-based hospital in Thailand.

Sex differences in soluble markers vary before and after the initiation of antiretroviral therapy in chronically HIV-infected individuals.

Objective: To evaluate differences in soluble inflammatory markers between chronically HIV-infected men and women, with or without cognitive impairment, and in response to treatment.

Design: Soluble biomarkers were measured in cryopreserved plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of 60 treatment-naïve individuals (25 men and 35 women) with chronic HIV infection and 18 HIV-uninfected controls (9 men and 9 women) from Thailand. Following enrollment, participants began combination antiretroviral therapy and were evaluated for expression of these markers after 48 weeks.

Markers of HIV reservoir size and immune activation after treatment in acute HIV infection with and without raltegravir and maraviroc intensification.

Background: It is unclear whether intensification of standard highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) with entry and integrase inhibitors during acute HIV infection (AHI) could yield greater benefits in reducing markers for HIV reservoir size and immune activation.

Methods: Thai patients with Fiebig I-IV AHI were prospectively enrolled and offered treatment. They were randomised 1:1 to HAART (tenofovir/emtricitabine/efavirenz, =31) or megaHAART, a standard regimen intensified by raltegravir/maraviroc ( =31), during the first 24 weeks of therapy.

The Effects of Oral Vitamin D Supplement on Atopic Dermatitis: A Clinical Trial with Staphylococcus aureus Colonization Determination.

Background: An increase in Staphylococcus aureus skin colonization in atopic dermatitis patients resulted from the reduction of cathelicidin production in these patients. Recently, an in vivo study demonstrated that vitamin D could stimulate cathelicidin production. Oral supplements of vitamin D might be beneficial in atopic dermatitis.

Loss of CCR2 expressing non-classical monocytes are associated with cognitive impairment in antiretroviral therapy-naïve HIV-infected Thais.

HIV DNA in monocytes has been linked to HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND), however, characterization of monocyte subsets associated with HAND remains unclear. We completed a prospective study of antiretroviral therapy-naïve, HIV-infected Thais, with varying degrees of cognitive impairment, compared to HIV-uninfected controls. Monocyte subsets' CCR2, CCR5 and CD163 expression were profiled and inflammatory markers in plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), measured.