[Cystic fibrosis being a polyendocrine disease (Review)].

The cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR) gene encodes the synthesis of a protein of the same name, which functions as a direct activator of anionic transport. Chloride is the most abundant anion; as an antagonist of Na+ and K+, it provides electroneutrality of cell membranes at rest; together with cations, it serves as an important osmolyte and forms water flow across cell membranes for transepithelial secretion.Glandular cells in CF trap Cl- and Na+, and the prodused secretion is excessively viscous.

[Estrogen metabolism, lifetime methylation disorders, and breast cancer].

Oncogenesis can be caused by an increase in the activity of genes responsible for initiating tumor growth in stem or progenitor cells, as well as a reduction in the functioning of suppressor genes. Endogenous estrogen exposure is associated with an increased risk of breast cancer in both pre- and postmenopausal women. The most important step in the understanding of the pathogenesis of breast cancer was the development of the theory of the switching of estrogen's effect from hormonal to genotoxic, in which the main culprits of carcinogenesis are not chemical metabolites of estrogens, but their derivatives, corresponding to chemical procarcinogens according to their damaging characteristics.