Amlexanox attenuates LPS-induced neuroinflammatory responses in microglial cells via inhibition of NF-κB and STAT3 signaling pathways.

Amlexanox is an anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic agent used clinically for the treatment of aphthous ulcers, allergic rhinitis, and asthma. Recent studies have demonstrated that amlexanox, a selective inhibitor of IkB kinase epsilon (IKKε) and TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1), suppresses a range of diseases or inflammatory conditions, such as obesity-related metabolic dysfunction and type 2 diabetes. However, the effects of amlexanox on neuroinflammatory responses to amlexanox have not yet been comprehensively studied.

Prevalence of porcine circovirus type 2 and type 3 in slaughtered pigs and wild boars in Korea.

Background: Porcine circovirus, a non-enveloped single-stranded DNA virus belonging to the genus Circovirus of the family Circoviridae, is a major pathogen of porcine circovirus-associated disease. Porcine circovirus 3, a novel porcine circovirus, has been identified in individuals with clinical symptoms.

Objectives: The prevalence of porcine circovirus 2 and porcine circovirus 3 and the confirmation of diagnosis of this emerging viral disease have not been fully studied yet.

Toll-like receptor-7 signaling in Kupffer cells exacerbates concanavalin A-induced liver injury in mice.

Concanavalin A (ConA) is a plant lectin that can induce immune-mediated liver damage. ConA induced liver damage animal model is a widely accepted model that can mimic clinical acute hepatitis and immune-mediated liver injury in humans. Toll-like receptor-7 (TLR7), a member of the TLR family, plays a key role in pathogen recognition and innate immune activation.

The presence of anthracosis is associated with the environmental air quality of zoo, wildlife, and companion animals in Jeollabuk-do Province, South Korea.

Objective: To determine pulmonary anthracosis in zoo, wildlife, and companion animals of Jeollabuk-do Province, South Korea.

Animals: A total of 350 animals of 61 different species, belonging to 3 classes (mammals: n = 38; avian: 21; and reptiles: 2) from different habitats in Jeollabuk-do Province, were examined.

Procedures: Gross lung examination and tissue sampling were done at postmortem, and histopathological analysis was microscopically done on hematoxylin and eosin-stained slides.

Effects of maternal cigarette smoke exposure on the progression of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis in offspring mice.

Unlabelled: Cigarette smoke (CS) is a dominant carcinogenic agent in a variety of human cancers. CS exposure during pregnancy can adversely affect the fetus. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is considered as a hepatic manifestation of a metabolic disorder, and ranges from simple steatosis to cirrhosis leading to hepatocellular carcinoma.

Clear cell variant mucoepidermoid carcinoma of salivary gland in a grey wolf (Canis lupus).

A 14-year-old male grey wolf (Canis lupus) with a history of severe facial swelling was submitted for necropsy. Clinical and radiological examination demonstrated an expansile neoplastic mass in the nasal and frontal sinuses. On necropsy, an amorphous neoplastic mass and extensive necrosis were observed in the nasal turbinate.

Experimental infection of dogs with severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome virus: Pathogenicity and potential for intraspecies transmission.

Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is caused by infection with Dabie bandavirus [formerly SFTS virus (SFTSV)] and is an emerging zoonotic disease. Dogs can be infected with SFTSV, but its pathogenicity and transmissibility have not been fully elucidated. In experiment 1, immunocompetent dogs were intramuscularly inoculated with SFTSV.

Ultra- and micro-structural changes of respiratory tracts in SARS-CoV-2 infected Syrian hamsters.

The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic is causing a global crisis. It is still unresolved. Although many therapies and vaccines are being studied, they are still in their infancy.

Ethanol Extract of A. Berger (Crassulaceae) Protects Against Type 2 Diabetes by Reducing Insulin Resistance and Hepatic Inflammation in Mice.

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a threaten human health problem, and accompanied by hyperglycemia and disorder of insulin secretion, is a major cause of abnormalities in maintaining blood glucose homeostasis. Also, low-grade inflammation, as well as insulin resistance (IR), is a common feature in patients with T2D. Numerous causes of the outbreak of T2D have been suggested by researchers, who indicate that genetic background and epigenetic predisposition, such as overnutrition and deficient physical activity, hasten the promotion of T2D milieu.

Exogenous activation of toll-like receptor 5 signaling mitigates acetaminophen-induced hepatotoxicity in mice.

Acetaminophen (APAP) poisoning is the most common cause of drug-induced acute liver injury (ALI). Our results showed that toll-like receptor 5 (TLR5) was abundantly expressed in hepatocytes and dramatically downregulated in the toxic mouse livers. Hence, we herein investigated the role of TLR5 signaling after APAP overdose.

Macrophage-Inducible C-Type Lectin Signaling Exacerbates Acetaminophen-Induced Liver Injury by Promoting Kupffer Cell Activation in Mice.

Overdose of acetaminophen (APAP) has become one of the most frequent causes of acute liver failure. Macrophage-inducible C-type lectin (Mincle) acts as a key moderator in immune responses by recognizing spliceosome-associated protein 130 (SAP130), which is an endogenous ligand released by necrotic cells. This study aims to explore the function of Mincle in APAP-induced hepatotoxicity.

Orostachys japonicus ameliorates acetaminophen-induced acute liver injury in mice.

Ethnopharmacological Relevance: Orostachys japonicus A. Berger (O. japonicus), referred to as Wa-song in Korea is a traditional and herbal medicine.

Dual TBK1/IKKε inhibitor amlexanox mitigates palmitic acid-induced hepatotoxicity and lipoapoptosis in vitro.

The common causes of Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) are obesity, dyslipidemia, and insulin resistance. Metabolic disorders and lipotoxic hepatocyte damage are hallmarks of NAFLD. Even though amlexanox, a dual inhibitor of TRAF associated nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) activator-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) and IκB kinase epsilon (IKKε), has been reported to effectively improve obesity-related metabolic dysfunctions in mice models, its molecular mechanism has not been fully investigated.

AK-1, a Sirt2 inhibitor, alleviates carbon tetrachloride-induced hepatotoxicity and .

Acute liver injury (ALI) is a life-threatening clinical syndrome that is usually caused by toxic chemicals, drugs, or pathogen infections. Sirtuin2 (Sirt2), an NAD-dependent deacetylase, appears to play detrimental roles in liver injury. Here, we evaluated the therapeutic application targeting Sirt2 in carbon tetrachloride (CCl)-induced ALI, by using AK-1 (a Sirt2 inhibitor).

Toll-Like Receptor 5 Signaling Ameliorates Liver Fibrosis by Inducing Interferon β-Modulated IL-1 Receptor Antagonist in Mice.

Bacterial flagellin, recognized by cell surface of Toll-like receptor (TLR) 5, is a potent activator of many types of cells, leading to the activation of innate or adaptive immunity, which are pivotal in regulating fibrotic process. However, the exact role of TLR5 signaling in hepatic fibrogenesis remains unclear, and this study aims to elucidate its underlying mechanisms. Flagellin was injected to hepatotoxin- and cholestasis-induced liver fibrosis murine models.

Nicotine attenuates concanavalin A-induced liver injury in mice by regulating the α7-nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in Kupffer cells.

Nicotine, a potent parasympathomimetic alkaloid, manifests anti-inflammatory properties by activating nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). In this study, we evaluated the effects of nicotine on concanavalin A (ConA)-induced autoimmune hepatitis. Nicotine (0.

Dual TBK1/IKKɛ inhibitor amlexanox attenuates the severity of hepatotoxin-induced liver fibrosis and biliary fibrosis in mice.

Although numerous studies have suggested that canonical IκB kinases (IKK) play a key role in the progression of liver fibrosis, the role of non-canonical IKKε and TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1) on the development and progression of liver fibrosis remains unclear. To demonstrate such issue, repeated injection of CCl was used to induce hepatotoxin-mediated chronic liver injury and biliary fibrosis was induced by 0.1% diethoxycarbonyl-1, 4-dihydrocollidine diet feeding for 4 weeks.

Amlexanox ameliorates acetaminophen-induced acute liver injury by reducing oxidative stress in mice.

Amlexanox, a clinically approved small-molecule therapeutic presently used to treat allergic rhinitis, ulcer, and asthma, is an inhibitor of the noncanonical IkB kinase-ε (IKKε) and TANK-binding kinase 1 (TBK1). This study was to investigate the protective mechanism of amlexanox in acetaminophen (APAP)-induced acute liver injury (ALI). Mice were intraperitoneally injected with APAP (300 mg/kg, 12 h) to induce ALI and were orally administrated with amlexanox (25, 50 and 100 mg/kg) one hour after APAP treatment.

Cigarette smoking differentially regulates inflammatory responses in a mouse model of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis depending on exposure time point.

Cigarette smoke (CS) is a risk factor for the development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. However, the role of mainstream CS (MSCS) in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) remains unclear. During the first (early exposure) or last (late exposure) three weeks of methionine-choline deficient with high fat diet feeding (6 weeks), each diet group was exposed to MSCS (300 or 600 μg/L).

Ferroptosis Affects the Progression of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis via the Modulation of Lipid Peroxidation-Mediated Cell Death in Mice.

Oxidative stress and its associated lipid peroxidation play a key role in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Ferroptosis is a recently recognized type of cell death characterized by an iron-dependent and lipid peroxidation-mediated nonapoptotic cell death. We demonstrate the impact of ferroptosis on the progression of NASH induced by methionine/choline-deficient diet (MCD) feeding for 10 days.

Fermented ginseng, GBCK25, ameliorates steatosis and inflammation in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis model.

Background: Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is one of the chronic inflammatory liver diseases and a leading cause of advanced liver fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. The main purpose of this study was to clarify the effects of GBCK25 fermented by GB-07 and pectinase, on NASH severity in mice.

Methods: Six-wk-old male mice were fed either a normal diet (ND) or a Western diet (WD) for 12 wks to induce NASH.

Dietary zerumbone, a sesquiterpene, ameliorates hepatotoxin-mediated acute and chronic liver injury in mice.

Acute liver injury (ALI) is a life-threatening clinical syndrome. Long-lasting liver injury can lead to chronic hepatic inflammation and fibrogenic responses. Zerumbone (ZER), the main constituent of rhizomes of Zingiber zerumbet Smith, has a variety of functions including anticancer activity.

Analysis of Five Arboviruses and Culicoides Distribution on Cattle Farms in Jeollabuk-do, Korea.

Arthropod-borne viruses (Arboviruses) are transmitted by arthropods such as Culicoides biting midges and cause abortion, stillbirth, and congenital malformation in ruminants, apparently leading to economic losses to farmers. To monitor the distribution of Culicoides and to determine their relationship with different environmental conditions (temperature, humidity, wind speed, and altitude of the farms) on 5 cattle farms, Culicoides were collected during summer season (May-September) in 2016 and 2017, and analyzed for identification of species and detection of arboviruses. About 35% of the Culicoides were collected in July and the collection rate increased with increase in temperature and humidity.

Beneficial Effects of Korean Red Ginseng in the Progression of Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis via FABP4 Modulation.

Korean red ginseng (KRG) is a traditional herbal medicine used to prevent several geriatric diseases due to its therapeutic effects on metabolic disorder, including type 2 diabetes and fatty liver disease. In this study, we investigated the effects of KRG on the progression of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in mice. NASH was induced by feeding a methionine- and choline-deficient high-fat or high-fat/high-sucrose diet for 6 or 13 weeks, respectively.