Examining Whether Genetic Variants Moderate the Skeletal Effects of Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors in Older Adolescents and Young Adults.

To examine whether serotonin (5-HT) related genetic variants moderate the effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) on skeletal outcomes. Trabecular bone mineral density (BMD) at the radius, lumbar spine (LS) BMD, total body less head (TBLH) bone mineral content (BMC) and markers of bone metabolism (osteocalcin, C-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen [CTX-1], and bone specific alkaline phosphatase to CTX-1 ratio) were examined in an observational study, enrolling 15- to 20-year-old participants, unmedicated or within a month of SSRI initiation. Variants in (rs6295), (rs6296), (rs6300), (rs6311 and rs6314), (rs6736017), and the serotonin transporter intron 2 variable number tandem repeat (STin2 VNTR) were genotyped.

Impact of the AACAP practice parameters on the metabolic adverse event monitoring for second-generation antipsychotics (SGAs) in children and adolescents.

Introduction: The objective of our study was to evaluate the impact of the publication of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (AACAP) practice parameters for SGA metabolic monitoring in 2011 on SGA metabolic monitoring uptake among pediatric SGA recipients.

Methods: This was a retrospective study of children 1-17 years of age who initiated SGA treatment from Jan 2010 to December 2018 using a national Electronic Medical Records database. A segmented regression of interrupted time-series (ITS) analysis was conducted to analyze the change of metabolic monitoring rates for Body Mass Index (BMI), Blood Glucose (BG), and Total Cholesterol (CHL) 9 quarters pre- and 26 quarters post-the publication of the AACAP practice parameters.

Iron Deficiency in Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Autism Spectrum Disorder, Internalizing and Externalizing Disorders, and Movement Disorders.

This article reviews the role of iron in brain development and function, with a focus on the association between iron deficiency (ID) and neuropsychiatric conditions. First, we describe how ID is defined and diagnosed. Second, the role of iron in brain development and function is summarized.

Impact of antidepressant use on the autonomic nervous system: A meta-analysis and systematic review.

Changes in cardiac autonomic nervous system (ANS) regulation observed in psychiatric disorders may be mitigated by antidepressants. We meta-analyzed and systematically reviewed studies examining antidepressants' effects on ANS outcomes, including heart rate variability (HRV). We conducted a PRISMA/MOOSE-compliant search of PubMed and Scopus until March 28th, 2022.

Iron deficiency and internalizing symptom severity in unmedicated adolescents: a pilot study.

Background: Iron plays a key role in a broad set of metabolic processes. Iron deficiency is the most common nutritional deficiency in the world, but its neuropsychiatric implications in adolescents have not been examined.

Methods: Twelve- to 17-year-old unmedicated females with major depressive or anxiety disorders or with no psychopathology underwent a comprehensive psychiatric assessment for this pilot study.

Sexual Functioning in Adolescents With Major Depressive Disorder: A Prospective Study.

To examine the association between sexual functioning, depression and anxiety severity, and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) use in adolescents. From September 2010 to December 2014, 15- to 20-year-old participants, either unmedicated or within a month of beginning SSRI treatment, completed the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and Changes in Sexual Functioning Questionnaire (CSFQ) at baseline and every 4 months for up to 2 years. The - was used to determine presence of psychiatric disorders.

Inflammatory Markers Profile in Older Adolescents During Treatment with Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors.

This study aimed to investigate the serum levels of inflammatory markers in adolescents with major depressive disorder (MDD) using selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. This was an 8-month observational study, involving 30 adolescents with and 38 without (control) MDD diagnosis. Demographic (age and gender) and anthropometric data (weight, height, and calculated body mass index [BMI] score) were collected.

Gut microbiome in adolescent depression.

Objectives: To examine the association of major depressive disorder (MDD) and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) use with gut microbiome in older adolescents and younger adults.

Methods: Fifteen to 20-year-old participants within a month of starting an SSRI and unmedicated controls were enrolled in a longitudinal study. They underwent a diagnostic evaluation comprising self-completed and rater-administered questionnaires and clinical interview.

Experiential Avoidance Predicts Persistence of Major Depressive Disorder and Generalized Anxiety Disorder in Late Adolescence.

Objective: Experiential avoidance (EA) is a transdiagnostic construct that may underlie the high comorbidity between major depressive disorder (MDD) and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). This analysis used data from a longitudinal study (conducted September 2010-April 2016) to examine whether adolescent EA varies by MDD and GAD symptomatology trajectory and predicts said trajectories. Longitudinal associations between EA, anxiety, and depression symptoms were also examined.

Predictors of depressive symptom trajectories in a prospective follow-up of late adolescents.

Background: Group-based trajectory modeling holds promise for the study of prognostic indicators in the mood disorders because the courses that the individuals with these disorders follow are so highly variable. However, trajectory analyses of major depressive disorder have so far not included some of the more robust predictors of mood disorder outcome, nor have they described interactions between these predictors.

Methods: A group of 186 individuals aged 15-20 years with past or current depressive symptoms, who had recently begun taking a serotonin reuptake inhibitors antidepressant, underwent extensive baseline evaluations and were then followed for up to 2 years.

First known case of catatonia due to cyclosporine A-related neurotoxicity in a pediatric patient with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome.

Background: Catatonia is a neuropsychiatric syndrome characterized by diverse psychomotor abnormalities, including motor dysregulation and behavioral and affective disturbances. Once thought to occur primarily in the context of schizophrenia, recent data suggest most cases of catatonia develop in individuals with depressive or bipolar disorders. Moreover, catatonia may ensue in general medical and neurological conditions, as well as due to a variety of pharmaceuticals, drugs of abuse, and toxic agents.

Gut permeability and depressive symptom severity in unmedicated adolescents.

Objective: This study examined gut permeability in unmedicated adolescents with and without major depressive disorder.

Method: Medically healthy, non-medicated, 12-17 year-old females in a major depressive episode (MDE) or healthy controls, without any psychiatric condition, were enrolled. They completed the Children's Depression Rating Scale-Revised (CDRS-R) and underwent a clinical interview.

CHRNA7 copy number gains are enriched in adolescents with major depressive and anxiety disorders.

Objective: Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), specifically the α7 nAChR encoded by the gene CHRNA7, have been implicated in behavior regulation in animal models. In humans, copy number variants (CNVs) of CHRNA7 are found in a range of neuropsychiatric disorders, including mood and anxiety disorders. Here, we aimed to determine the prevalence of CHRNA7 CNVs among adolescents and young adults with major depressive disorder (MDD) and anxiety disorders.

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors Reduce Longitudinal Growth in Risperidone-Treated Boys.

Objectives: To examine whether selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) inhibit longitudinal growth in children and adolescents, particularly in the early stages of puberty, using a sample of convenience comprising risperidone-treated boys.

Study Design: Data from four clinic-based studies in risperidone-treated 5- to 17-year-old boys with no general medical conditions were combined for this analysis. Anthropometric measurements and psychotropic treatment history were extracted from the medical and pharmacy records.

Calcium and Vitamin D Supplementation in Boys with Risperidone-Induced Hyperprolactinemia: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Pilot Study.

Background: The chronic use of antipsychotics has been associated with impaired bone mineralization, partially mediated by hyperprolactinemia. We examined if calcium and vitamin D supplementation promote bone mineral accrual in boys with risperidone-induced hyperprolactinemia.

Methods: Between February 2009 and November 2013, medically healthy, 5- to 17-year-old boys were enrolled in a 36-week double-blind, placebo-controlled study, examining the skeletal effects of supplementation with 1250 mg calcium carbonate and 400 IU of vitamin D3 in risperidone-induced hyperprolactinemia.

CHRNA7 Deletions are Enriched in Risperidone-Treated Children and Adolescents.

Objective: Aggression is among the most common indications for referral to child and adolescent mental health services and is often challenging to treat. Understanding the biological underpinnings of aggression could help optimize treatment efficacy. Neuronal nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), specifically the α7 nAChR, encoded by the gene CHRNA7, have been implicated in aggressive behaviors in animal models as well as humans.

The Effect of Depression, Generalized Anxiety, and Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors on Change in Bone Metabolism in Adolescents and Emerging Adults.

The purpose of this study was to prospectively examine the independent contribution of major depressive disorder (MDD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) use to changes in bone metabolism in older adolescents and emerging adults. Medically healthy 15- to 20-year-olds who were unmedicated or within 1 month of starting an SSRI were prospectively followed. Psychiatric functioning and medication treatment were assessed monthly.

Body Composition in Adolescents During Treatment With Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors.

Objectives: To examine the independent contribution of major depressive disorder (MDD), generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) to changes in body composition in older adolescents.

Methods: Medically healthy 15- to 20-year-olds who were unmedicated or within 1 month of starting an SSRI were prospectively followed. Psychiatric functioning and medication treatment were assessed monthly.

Polyunsaturated fatty acid composition and childhood adversity: Independent correlates of depressive symptom persistence.

Childhood experiences, personality, and polyunsaturated essential fatty acid (PUFA) composition have all been shown to affect the likelihood of depressive symptoms. Few studies have addressed relationships between these factors in their influence on the occurrence or course of depressive symptoms. The following analysis was designed to do so.

Bone Mass in Boys with Autism Spectrum Disorder.

To examine bone mass in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Risperidone-treated 5 to 17 year-old males underwent anthropometric and bone measurements, using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and peripheral quantitative computed tomography. Multivariable linear regression analysis models examined whether skeletal outcomes differed among participants with (n = 30) versus without ASD (n = 156).

Comorbidity of Migraine, Major Depressive Disorder, and Generalized Anxiety Disorder in Adolescents and Young Adults.

Purpose: Depression and anxiety are highly comorbid psychiatric conditions and both are common in adult patients with migraine. This study aims to examine the unique associations between major depressive disorder (MDD) and generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) in a well-characterized group of older adolescents and college-age individuals with migraine.

Method: Participants (N =  227), between 15 and 20 years old, who were unmedicated or within 1 month of beginning antidepressant treatment underwent a comprehensive psychiatric assessment to establish the presence of MDD and GAD, according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual, Fourth Edition, Text Revision, and to rate their symptom severity using the Longitudinal Interval Follow-up Evaluation for Adolescents (A-LIFE).

Sexual Functioning in Adolescents With Major Depressive Disorder.

Objective: To examine sexual functioning in adolescents with depression.

Methods: Between September 2010 and March 2014, 235 participants who were between 15 and 20 years old and were unmedicated or within 1 month of beginning antidepressant treatment completed the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and Changes in Sexual Functioning Questionnaire (CSFQ). They were also assessed to establish the presence of a DSM-IV-TR major depressive episode (MDE).

Serum Ferritin, Weight Gain, Disruptive Behavior, and Extrapyramidal Symptoms in Risperidone-Treated Youth.

Background: Iron deficiency disrupts dopaminergic signaling in rodents, resulting in cognitive deficits that may be reversed with psychostimulants. In humans, iron deficiency with or without anemia has similarly been found to cause neuropsychological and behavioral impairments. However, the clinical effects of low body iron stores in antipsychotic-treated children have not been examined.