A new interpretation of nonpulmonary vein substrates of the left atrium in patients with atrial fibrillation.

Background: Substrate analysis of the left atrium in patients undergoing atrial fibrillation ablation has limitations when performed by means of simple bipolar acquisition.

Objective: To evaluate the incidence of low-voltage zones (LVZs) through maps constructed by means of various catheters: multipolar (MC), omnipolar (OC), and circular catheters (CMCs) with the 3D electro-anatomical systems (3d-S) CARTO3 and EnSite Precision.

Methods: To assess LVZs, we acquired maps by means of CMC and MC in the voltage range 0.