A Brain Ischemia-Reperfusion Model for the Study of Tau Phosphorylation and O-GlcNAcylation.

Cerebral ischemia produces a decrease, loss, or instability of the assembly processes in the neuronal cytoskeleton, related to the alteration in the normal processes of phosphorylation of the Tau protein, triggering its hyperphosphorylation and altering the normal processes of formation of neuronal microtubules. Here we describe the methods used to study the impact of middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) on neurological functions and Tau phosphorylation in Wistar rat brain.

Depressive Disorder, Anxiety Disorder and Chronic Pain: Multiple Manifestations of a Common Clinical and Pathophysiological Core.

Introduction: A high proportion of depressive disorders are accompanied by anxious manifestations, just as depression and anxiety often present with many painful manifestations, or conversely, painful manifestations cause or worsen depressive and anxious expressions. There is increasingly more evidence of the pathophysiological, and neurophysiological and technical imaging similarity of pain and depression.

Methods: Narrative review of the pathophysiological and clinical aspects of depression and chronic pain comorbidity.

Effects of dobutamine on intestinal microvascular blood flow heterogeneity and O extraction during septic shock.

Derangements of microvascular blood flow distribution might contribute to disturbing O extraction by peripheral tissues. We evaluated the dynamic relationships between the mesenteric O extraction ratio ([Formula: see text]) and the heterogeneity of microvascular blood flow at the gut and sublingual mucosa during the development and resuscitation of septic shock in a swine model of fecal peritonitis. Jejunal-villi and sublingual microcirculation were evaluated using a portable intravital-microscopy technique.

Assessment transcallosal Diaschisis in a model of focal cerebral ischemia in rats.

Objective: To evaluate transcallosal changes after a local ischemic injury in rats by using the monoclonal marker anti-NeuN (Mouse anti-neuronal nuclei).

Methods: Twenty-eight adult, male, Wistar rats were subjected to focal injury in the right hemisphere. The technique used was the experimental model of focal ischemic injury through intraluminal suture of the middle cerebral artery.

Can venous-to-arterial carbon dioxide differences reflect microcirculatory alterations in patients with septic shock?

Purpose: Septic shock has been associated with microvascular alterations and these in turn with the development of organ dysfunction. Despite advances in video microscopic techniques, evaluation of microcirculation at the bedside is still limited. Venous-to-arterial carbon dioxide difference (Pv-aCO2) may be increased even when venous O2 saturation (SvO2) and cardiac output look normal, which could suggests microvascular derangements.

Combination of arterial lactate levels and venous-arterial CO2 to arterial-venous O 2 content difference ratio as markers of resuscitation in patients with septic shock.

Purpose: To evaluate the prognostic value of the Cv-aCO2/Da-vO2 ratio combined with lactate levels during the early phases of resuscitation in septic shock.

Methods: Prospective observational study in a 60-bed mixed ICU. One hundred and thirty-five patients with septic shock were included.

Persistently high venous-to-arterial carbon dioxide differences during early resuscitation are associated with poor outcomes in septic shock.

Introduction: Venous-to-arterial carbon dioxide difference (Pv-aCO2) may reflect the adequacy of blood flow during shock states. We sought to test whether the development of Pv-aCO2 during the very early phases of resuscitation is related to multi-organ dysfunction and outcomes in a population of septic shock patients resuscitated targeting the usual oxygen-derived and hemodynamic parameters.

Methods: We conducted a prospective observational study in a 60-bed mixed ICU in a University affiliated Hospital.

[Study of Flexible Doses of Paliperidone ER in Pacients with Schizophrenia who Have Undergone Inefficient Treatment with other Antipsychotics].

Background: Extended-release (ER) paliperidone is an innovative atypical antipsychotic that allows minimal peak-to-through fluctuations with once-daily dosing.

Objective: To evaluate effectiveness, safety and tolerability of flexible, once-daily doses of paliperidone ER (3-12 mg/day) in patients with schizophrenia from Argentina and Colombia who had previously failed treatment with other antipsychotic agents.

Methods: The authors conducted a 6-month, open-label, prospective and multicentric study.

[Conceptual Aspects of the Teaching Psychiatry in Colombia].

Introduction: The teaching of Psychiatry in Colombia is the result of the accumulation of different conceptual streams dating back to early twentieth century and the beginning of Psychiatric study. By a way of different teaching methods, this knowledge was transferred from generation to generation to materialize into its current formation.

Methods: Different key moments are recognied in the history of Psychiatry throughout the world and the introduction of these trends in Colombia, and specifically its impact on teaching.

Relative association of treatment-emergent adverse events with quality of life of patients with schizophrenia: post hoc analysis from a 3-year observational study.

Objective: To explore the relative association of adverse events with health-related quality of life (HRQL) in patients (N = 16 091) with schizophrenia, treated with antipsychotic medication.

Methods: In this post hoc analysis of data from two 3-year observational studies, a mixed effects model with repeated measures was used to evaluate the association between HRQL (EuroQoL visual analogue scale (EQ-VAS)) and pre-specified covariates including: severity of illness, extrapyramidal symptoms, tardive dyskinesia, sexual dysfunction, and clinically significant weight gain (> 7% increase from baseline after > or = 3 months of treatment).

Results: Mean EQ-VAS increased from 47.

Estrogen dissociates Tau and alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid receptor subunit in postischemic hippocampus.

During cerebral ischemia, part of the damage associated with the hyperactivation of glutamate receptors results from the hyperphosphorylation of the microtubule-associated protein Tau. Previous studies have shown that estradiol treatment reduces neural damage after cerebral ischemia. Here, we show that transient occlusion of the middle cerebral artery results in the hyperphosphorylation of Tau and in a significant increase in the association of Tau with glycogen synthase kinase-3beta and alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid type glutamate receptor subunits 2/3 in the hippocampus.

Response and relapse in patients with schizophrenia treated with olanzapine, risperidone, quetiapine, or haloperidol: 12-month follow-up of the Intercontinental Schizophrenia Outpatient Health Outcomes (IC-SOHO) study.

Objective: The primary aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of 12 months' treatment with olanzapine, risperidone, quetiapine, or haloperidol in preventing relapse of schizophrenia. The study also examined other measures of clinical effectiveness and tolerability.

Method: Outpatients with schizophrenia (ICD-10 or DSM-IV), who initiated or changed antipsychotic treatment, entered this 3-year, naturalistic, prospective, observational study between November 2000 and December 2001.

Down-regulation of Bcl-2 in rat substantia nigra after focal cerebral ischemia.

After occlusion of the middle cerebral artery in rats, a robust neuronal loss occurs in the ipsilateral substantia nigra reticulata. In this study we have assessed whether degeneration of the substantia nigra is accompanied by changes in the expression of the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-2. Neuronal loss was assessed by neuronal nuclei (NeuN) immunoreactivity.