A new formula proposal for placing pH-impedance catheters in pediatric patients.

Introduction: Esophageal pH-impedance monitoring is a tool for diagnosing gastroesophageal reflux in children. The position of the pH catheter is essential for a reliable reading and the current formulas for calculating catheter insertion length are not completely accurate. The aim of the present study was to develop a new formula for adequate insertion of the pH catheter.

A comparison of endoscopic procedures performed at a tertiary care hospital before and during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic.

Introduction And Aim: SARS-CoV-2 emerged in 2019 and had a huge impact on the world. The area of endoscopy suffered great changes, causing a reduction in the number of procedures and its indications. The aim of our study was to compare the quantity, indication, and type of procedures in 2019 with those in 2020.

Immunoproteomics of cow's milk allergy in Mexican pediatric patients.

Immunological mechanisms of non-IgE-mediated cow's milk protein allergy (CMPA) are not well understood. Such a circumstance requires attention with the aim of discovering new biomarkers that could lead to better diagnostic assays for early treatment. Here, we sought both to investigate the mechanism that underlies non-IgE-mediated CMPA and to identify cow's milk immunoreactive proteins in a Mexican pediatric patient group (n = 34).

Treatment Approaches for Swallowing Disorders in Children.

A swallowing disorder or dysphagia is defined as a disorder in the sequence of swallowing, during the oral or pharyngeal phase, which compromises the safety and/or efficiency of transit of the food bolus to the esophagus. The evaluation of neurodevelopment, nutrition, and preventive medicine actions are as important as the clinical evaluation of dysphagia, so they must be included and systematized in all pediatric evaluations; This evaluation can be divided into different parts: bedside swallowing evaluation, instrumental swallowing evaluation, and additional studies. The management of swallowing disorders requires a multidisciplinary team approach, depending on the child's age, cognitive and physical abilities, and the specific swallowing and feeding disorder, ensuring adequate and safe nutrition and improving the patient's quality of life.

[Liver and colonic manifestation of active chronic infection by Epstein Barr virus].

Introduction: Chronic active Epstein Barr virus infection (CAEBV) is a rare condition, where the body is unable to counteract Epstein Barr viral replication (EBV), leading the patient to a chronic state with variable symptoms. Early recognition of infrequent or atypical clinical manifestations is relevant due to the particularities of their management and prognosis.

Objective: to describe a case of CAEBV manifes ted with colitis and hepatitis, summarizing the clinical-pathological and endoscopic characteristics and their evolution.

Dyspepsia in children: organic or functional? Experience in a tertiary care hospital.

Introduction: Dyspepsia comprises a group of symptoms that can have organic or functional origin. The purpose of this study was to describe the main causes of dyspepsia and its clinical evolution in children cared for in a tertiary care hospital.

Material And Methods: Retrospective study in children with dyspepsia.

Foreign body ingestion and associated factors in pediatric patients at a tertiary care center.

Introduction And Aims: Foreign body (FB) ingestion is a common problem in children under 5 years of age and is one of the main indications for endoscopy. The aim of the present study was to describe the clinical, radiographic, and endoscopic characteristics of patients with FB ingestion, as well as the factors associated with the anatomic location and the type of object ingested.

Materials And Methods: An analytic cross-sectional study was conducted on all patients with FB ingestion seen at the gastroenterology service from January 2013 to December 2018.

Gut Microbiota in Mexican Children With Acute Diarrhea: An Observational Study.

Background: Acute diarrhea is the second leading cause of preventable mortality and morbidity in children worldwide. This study aimed to identify the main pathogens associated with acute diarrhea and to describe changes in gut microbiota in Mexican children.

Methods: This single-center observational study included 30 children (6 months to 5 years old) with acute diarrhea who were referred to the Instituto Nacional de Pediatría of Mexico City and 15 healthy volunteers (control group).

Esophagogastric junction outflow obstruction in the differential diagnosis of post-fundoplication dysphagia in children.

Introduction And Aims: Post-fundoplication dysphagia is resolved with no therapeutic intervention in the majority of cases but it can persist in 5.3% of children that undergo the procedure. Among the differential diagnoses, esophagogastric junction outflow obstruction (EGJOO) is a disorder that should be suspected if there is a persistence of dysphagia.

Foreign body ingestion and associated factors in pediatric patients at a tertiary care center.

Introduction And Aims: Foreign body (FB) ingestion is a common problem in children under 5 years of age and is one of the main indications for endoscopy. The aim of the present study was to describe the clinical, radiographic, and endoscopic characteristics of patients with FB ingestion, as well as the factors associated with the anatomic location and the type of object ingested.

Materials And Methods: An analytic cross-sectional study was conducted on all patients with FB ingestion seen at the gastroenterology service from January 2013 to December 2018.

Differential Cytokine Expression in the Duodenum and Rectum of Children with Non-Immunoglobulin E-Mediated Cow's Milk Protein Allergy.

Background: Cow's milk protein allergy (CMPA) is the most prevalent food allergy in children, and its pathogenesis remains poorly understood. It has been shown that the combination of genetic predisposition, perinatal factors, and intestinal imbalance of the immune response mediated by cytokines may play an essential role in CMPA pathogenesis.

Aim: To characterize the gene expression of Th1, Th2, and Th17 cytokines in the duodenum and rectum in patients with CMPA.

Esophageal motility disorders in children with dysphagia: the utility of the Chicago classification.

Background: esophageal manometry is the standard criterion for the evaluation of dysphagia and the diagnosis of a primary motor disorder of the esophagus in adults and children.

Aims: to describe the diagnosis according to the Chicago classification (CC) v3.0 in children with dysphagia, in whom an esophageal motility disorder was documented.

Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth: could it be associated with chronic abdominal pain in children with allergic diseases?

Background And Aims: small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) is a well-known cause of chronic abdominal pain (CAP) during the pediatric age. On the other hand, children with a history of some allergic disorder present CAP more frequently. The aim of this study was to determine the association between the presence of allergic diseases and SIBO in patients diagnosed with CAP.

Anorectal manometry in children with retentive fecal incontinence: What parameters should we evaluate?

Introduction: Children with functional constipation frequently present with alterations in rectal compliance and the urge-to-defecate sensation that can be evaluated through anorectal manometry (ARM). In the present study, we evaluated the usefulness of the parameters obtained through ARM in children with retentive fecal incontinence (RFI).

Materials And Methods: Children with functional constipation, aged 4 to 17years, that underwent ARM were included in the study.

Proteomics: a tool to develop novel diagnostic methods and unravel molecular mechanisms of pediatric diseases.

Proteomics is the study of the expression of changes and post-translational modifications (PTM) of proteins along a metabolic condition either normal or pathological. In the field of health, proteomics allows obtaining valuable data for treatment, diagnosis or pathophysiological mechanisms of different illnesses. To illustrate the aforementioned, we describe two projects currently being performed at the Instituto Nacional de Pediatría: The immuno-proteomic study of cow milk allergy and the Proteomic study of childhood cataract.

Blastocystis Hominis and Chronic Abdominal Pain in Children: Is there an Association between Them?

Chronic abdominal pain has many etiologies, one of them being parasites. The aim of this study was to find an association between chronic abdominal pain in children and Blastocystis hominis (Bh). Clinical files of patients with Bh and functional abdominal pain were reviewed.

Histopathologic findings in children diagnosed with cow's milk protein allergy.

Background: Cow's milk protein allergy is the most common cause of food allergy. The challenge test, either open or doubled-blind with a placebo control, is regarded as the criterion standard. Endoscopy and histologic findings are considered a method that can aid in the diagnosis of this entity.

Perinatal factors associated with the development of cow's milk protein allergy.

Unlabelled: The prevalence of cow's milk protein allergy (CMPA) has increased in recent years, and is associated with antimicrobial use during the perinatal period, prematurity, the type of childbirth, and the decrease in breastfeeding. The aim of this study was to analyze whether there is any association between these factors and the development of CMPA.

Material And Methods: A retrospective, comparative, cross-sectional, observational study was conducted by reviewing the case records of 101 children diagnosed with CMPA and seen at the Department of Gastroenterology and Nutrition of the Instituto Nacional de Pediatría within the time frame of January 2012 and August 2013.

[Guía latinoamericana para el diagnóstico y tratamiento de alergia a las proteínas de la leche de vaca (GL-APLV)].

Cow's milk allergy (CMA) is an immune-based disease that has become an increasing problem. The diagnosis and management of CMA varies from one clinical setting to another and represents a challenge in pediatric practice. In addition, because nonallergic food reactions can be confused with CMA symptoms, there is an overdiagnosis of the disease.