Treatment of addicts in Bosnia and Herzegovina--constraints and opportunities.

Chronology of important historical events in Bosnia and Herzegovina during past two centuries indirectly influenced the incidence and prevalence of different psychoactive substances use and thus the organization of services for the treatment of persons who develop addiction symptoms. The organization of health system in the last war, 1992-1995, suffered enormous damage and the reform process which inevitably followed, included the area of mental health care services and the establishment of network of centers for mental health in the community (CMHC). The centers are functioning within the primary health care almost in whole country, with specialized centers for the prevention and treatment of addicts and the therapeutic communities, which today represents the basic organizational units to help people who have drug related issues.

The organisation of mental health services in post-war Bosnia and Herzegovina.

Bosnia and Herzegovina (BH) is located on the western part of the Balkan Peninsula. It has an area of 51 210 km and a population of 3 972 000. According to the Dayton Agreement of November 1995, which ended the 1992-95 war, BH comprises two 'entities' - the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (FBH) and the Republic of Srpska (RS) - and the District of Brcko.

Regional collaboration in reconstruction of mental health services in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

The war in the former Yugoslavia between 1991 and 1995 destroyed the mainly hospital-based mental health care system in Bosnia and Herzegovina. This report summarizes the situation before and after the war and describes efforts to rebuild and reform mental health services under politically and economically challenging conditions. As a result of these efforts, there are now 39 multidisciplinary community mental health centers that are linked to primary care and that aim to provide prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation of mental disorders.

Frequency of the antipsychotic therapy acute side effects in the treatment of acute psychosis.

Antipsychotic drugs produce a wide spectrum of physiological actions. Some of these effects differ among the various classes of antipsychotics. This medications have indications in the treatment of acute psychotic disorders.

Some historical remarks and current state of mental health services in bosnia and herzegovina.

In this paper we have presented historical overview of development of psychiatric services in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Special attention was given to the recent war destruction (l992-l995), as well as to the reconstruction and reform of mental health services within a frame of newly introduced mental health strategy.

[Characteristics of the dangerous and harmful use of alcohol and psychoactive drugs in Bosnia and Herzegovina in the postwar period].

Problems related to abuse of various psychoactive substances started in Bosnia and Herzegovina during the early eighties of the twentieth century. This is proven by the data from Counseling for the prevention and treatment of drug addiction that was working since 1978 until 1992 at the Psychiatric Clinic of the Clinical Center of Sarajevo University. At the end of 1991 this center registered 1000 drug users among which 50 was heroin addicts on the Methadone maintenance treatment.

[Abuse of psychoactive substances by adolescents in rural and urban environments].

It is well known that drug abuse is common in early adolescence with almost the same epidemiological characteristics in economical developed and undeveloped countries. Aim of this study is to compare drug abuse among adolescents in the urban and rural areas. Research covers 600 adolescents equal gender and age distribution.

[Reconstruction of mental health services in Bosnia and Herzegovina].

Psychiatric services in Bosnia-Herzegovina before the war disaster was fairly developed and one of the best organized services amongst the republics of the former Yugoslavia. The psychiatric care system was based on psychiatric hospitals and small neuropsychiatric wards within general hospitals, accompanied by psychiatric services in health centers. The onset of war in B&H brought devastation and destruction in all domains of life, including the demolition and closing of numerous traditional psychiatric institutions, together with massive psychological suffering of the whole civilian population.

Women, war and trauma: a study description.

The last few decades have seen a sharp increase in research into the psychological, psychiatric and social consequences of war. However the bulk of this research relates to male veterans and refugees. There is a serious dearth of literature on female civilians, particularly where the research is being performed in the country of trauma origin.

Rehabilitation of war victims in the Federation of Bosnia and Hercegovina with special reference to physical injuries.

The number of war victims in need of physical rehabilitation in Bosnia and Hercegovina is not exactly known but less than one per cent of the population. Anyhow physical rehabilitation services needs to be reorganized in the community taking care of about 70-80% of the patients. The rest are partly in need of institutional care, which is also important for training and research purposes.

[Psychosocial research during the war in Sarajevo].

War in Bosnia and Herzegovina has caused many psychic and social breakdowns. The consequences on mental health of the war which caused stress are of importance, as well as influences on psychic functioning of individuals are caused by changes in social structure of population and economic potential of the society. Project "Psycho-social aspects of war in BiH" carried out within the frame of the Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Department of Psychiatry of Clinical Center of Sarajevo University.

[Reconstruction of mental health services in the Federation of Bosnia-Herzegovina].

The war in Bosnia and Herzegovina has caused severe suffering of the population, and left behind destruction and misery. Hundreds of thousands were killed, ten thousands were severely injured, and almost the whole population has endured severe psychological traumas. The consequences today are numerous stress related psychical disorders, and especially PTSD.

Refugees, returnees and rehabilitation.

Health and social security services are the basic elements which people have the right to ask for from their community. Strong efforts are made to reform the function of this support system all over Bosnia-Hercegovina. With a mutual effort made by Ministry of Health and mental health professionals the Community Mental Health Centres might be an excellent support for people with mental health problems in the society.

Genetics of mood disorders--an overview. Part two.

The present article reviews the recent molecular findings in mood disorders. Results of linkage and association studies are discussed in regard to the main limitations of these approaches in psychiatric disorders. On the whole linkage and association studies contributed to the localisation od some potential vulnerability genes for Bipolar disorder (BP) on chromosomes 11, 4, 21 and X.

Genetics of mood disorders--an overview. Part one.

Mood disorders are severe and common psychiatric diseases with two main clinical forms: Bipolar disorder, type 1 (BP1), and Unipolar disorder (UP). This paper provides an overview of the Literature on genetics of BP1 and UP disorders. We described the problems of diagnostic definitions, and statistical methods for studying the genetic etiology of these disorders.

[Ibn Sina--psychology and psychological disorders].

Ebu Ali Husein Ibn Ali Ibn Sina (or Avicenna) was primarily a philosopher with amusing knowledge, who dealt in all aspects of art of medicine, astronomer, poet, musician and psychologist. This giant with an encyclopedic knowledge has dealt in almost all scientific branches or praxis with the great success. Numerous statements of his have been cornerstone of many sciences for centuries; and some of them are (in the era of computers and Internet) still current.

[Genetics of manic depressive disorder].

Genetic transmission in manic depressive disorder (MDD) has been explored in linkage and association studies. The X-linked transmission hypothesis has been tested by using several markers on chromosome X. The hypothesis of autosomal transmission has been tested by association studies with the 0 blood group located on chromosome 9, as well as linkage studies on chromosome 6 and chromosome 11.

[Frequency of bone metastases in bronchogenic carcinoma].

Medical findings of 210 patients with bronchogenic cancer in the four years period of time were elaborated retrospectively. Bone metastases were found with 27 (13.8%) patients.

[History of the neuropsychiatric health service in Bosnia-Herzegovina].

During the Turkish rule, there was no organized medical protection of population, and the mentally ill people have been in especially difficult circumstances, since not a single institution has existed before 1640, when in Sinan [symbol: see text]s Tekija in Sarajevo some kind of haven for mental patients was established. More severe cases were sent to the uncertainty of Hospital for Mentally ill in Jedren, deep in the heart of Turkish Empire. Mental patients of Christian religion were treated in churches, monasteries.

[A doctrinaire approach to evaluation of sequelae of craniocerebral injuries].

The consequences of the severe head injuries should be estimated 1-2 years following the injury. The evaluation must be based upon certain postulates which are to be obligatory for the team of experts (neuropsychiatrist, otologist, ophthalmologist, neuro-radiologist, clinical psychologist). They must work simultaneously as a team for it is the only way to establish the precise qualification of the damage in question.

Working ability of mentally ill people in times of social crisis.

In Yugoslavia a special commission evaluates the working abilities of insured ill people. In the last 14 years the number of people referred to this commission has increased. For people assessed as being unable to work the most frequent diagnoses have been psychiatric and cardiovascular diseases.