From Infancy to Childhood: A Comprehensive Review of Event- and Task-Related Brain Oscillations.

Brain development from infancy through childhood involves complex structural and functional changes influenced by both internal and external factors. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of event and task-related brain oscillations, focusing on developmental changes across different frequency bands, including delta, theta, alpha, beta, and gamma. Electroencephalography (EEG) studies highlight that these oscillations serve as functional building blocks for sensory and cognitive processes, with significant variations observed across different developmental stages.

Immature event-related alpha dynamics in children compared with the young adults during inhibition shown by day-night stroop task.

Introduction: Inhibitory control develops gradually from infancy to childhood and improves further during adolescence as the brain matures. Related previous studies showed the indispensable role of task-related alpha power during inhibition both in children and young adults. Nonetheless, none of the studies have been able to investigate the direct differences in brain responses between children and young adults when confronted with a stimulus that should be inhibited.

Clinical and laboratory evaluation of children with congenital hyperinsulinism: a single center experience.

Objectives: To evaluate and present the data regarding clinical, laboratory, radiological and the results of molecular genetic analysis of patients with hyperinsulinemic hypoglycemia in our clinics.

Methods: A total of 9 patients with CHI followed at Istanbul Medipol University. Data related to gender, age at presentation, birth weight, gestational age, consanguinity, glucose and insulin levels at diagnosis, treatment modalities, response to treatment, the results of genetic analysis and radiological evaluation were gathered from the files.

The role of makorin ring finger protein-3, kisspeptin, and neurokinin B in the physiology of minipuberty.

Background: There is no data regarding the interrelationships of circulating Makorin Ring Finger Protein-3 (MKRN3), Kisspeptin (KISS1), and Neurokinin B (NKB) concentrations during minipuberty in humans.

Objective: To determine temporal changes in circulating concentrations of MKRN3, KISS1, NKB, and gonadotropins and investigate interrelationships between them in healthy full-term (FT) and preterm (PT) infants during minipuberty period.

Methods: A prospective study of 6-month follow-up performed.

Theta and alpha oscillatory responses differentiate between six-to seven-year-old children and adults during successful visual and auditory memory encoding.

The healthy maturation of the brain is one of the intriguing topics that need to be investigated to understand human brain and child development. The present study aimed to investigate the development of memory processes both for auditory and visual memory using electroencephalography (EEG)-Brain Dynamics methodologies. Sixteen healthy children between the ages of 6 and 7 years and eighteen healthy young adults (age: 21.

Elevated 1-h post-load plasma glucose levels in normal glucose tolerance children with obesity is associated with early carotid atherosclerosis.

Context: Evidence suggests that the 1-h post-load plasma glucose (1-h PG) ≥155mg/dL during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) predicts development of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and associated complications, among adults with normal glucose tolerance (NGT), but relevant data on children is scarce.

Objectives: To investigate whether NGT children with obesity whose 1-h PG is ≥155mg/dL have an increased carotid intima-media thickness (IMT) and exhibit non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) diagnosed by ultrasonography, as compared with NGT subjects with 1-h PG <155mg/dL and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT).

Methods: Cardio-metabolic profile, OGTT, measurements of carotid IMT and liver ultrasonography were analyzed in 171 non-diabetic children with obesity.

Evaluation of vitamin D status and its correlation with gonadal function in children at mini-puberty.

Context: The effects of Vitamin D on reproductive function in adults have gained interest. Studies have demonstrated some associations. Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis is activated during the first 6 months of life, called as mini-puberty.

Immunomodulator effect of topical zinc oxide application in tuberculin skin test.

Objective: We aimed to evaluate the sensitivity of tuberculin skintest (purified protein derivative-PPD) by topical zinc application on test site to improve diagnostic reliability.

Methods: We performed this study in 100 children aged 6-14 years, and plasma zinc levels were analyzed after 10-12 hours fasting. After PPD, we applied 40% zinc oxide cream on one forearm and placebo on the other forearm.

Is children's Body Mass Index associated with their parents' personality? A prospective controlled trial.

Background: The aim of this study was to elucidate the effect of the personal characteristics and psychological status of parents on their children's Body Mass Index (BMI) by using validated questionnaires.

Methods: Obese and healthy control group was assessed with The Parental Attitude Research Instrument (PARI) for the evaluation of parental attitudes towards their children. Additionally, Depression Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS) were used to assess the relationships between parental depression, anxiety, stress and childhood obesity.

Surgery vs medical treatment in the management of PFAPA syndrome: a comparative trial.

Background: Periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis and cervical adenitis (PFAPA) syndrome is a common disorder in children but there is little or no consensus on its optimal diagnosis and management.

Objectives: To compare the outcome of different management approaches - medical therapy or tonsillectomy.

Methods: The medical records of children diagnosed with PFAPA between 2008 and 2013 were retrospectively reviewed according to the modified Thomas test criteria.

Evaluation of in utero sensitization by screening antigen-specific immunoglobulin E levels in umbilical cord blood.

Introduction: The incidence of asthma and atopic reactions is increasing worldwide. Previous reports have suggested that maternal exposure to allergens during pregnancy may have potential effects on allergic sensitization in infants.

Aim: To evaluate the effects of maternal exposure to environmental allergens during pregnancy on in-utero sensitization.

The GABAA receptor γ2 subunit (R43Q) mutation in febrile seizures.

Background: Febrile seizure is the most common form of childhood seizure. Although its exact cause is unclear, many researchers emphasize the importance of its genetic predisposition. Recent genetic studies revealed the importance of the mutations of the gamma-aminobutyric acid A receptor as the etiology of the febrile seizures.

A retrospective analysis of adenoidal size in children with allergic rhinitis and nonallergic idiopathic rhinitis.

Background: Increased incidence of adenoidal tissue enlargement in children with allergic rhinitis (AR) when compared to non-atopic children had been reported. However, data with respect to the comparison of adenoidal size in children with AR and non-allergic idiopathic rhinitis (IR) is still lacking in the literature.

Objective: We aimed to compare the size of the adenoid in children with AR and with nonallergic IR.

Assessment of DNA damage in children exposed to indoor tobacco smoke.

The present study is aimed to evaluate the possible DNA damage in children who are living with smoker parents. The tests were conducted by using alkaline comet assay, measured as a percentage of DNA damage in tail (%DNA(T)). The children that participated in the study were selected from the pediatric unit of a hospital in Istanbul, Turkey.

Hemoglobin a1c levels in children with asthma using low dose inhaled corticosteroids.

Objectives: Steroids may raise the blood glucose levels as a systemic effect. Due to this, the potential effect of prophylactic use of inhaled steroids (ICS) on HbA1c levels in children with asthma was investigated.

Study Design: Case control study.

Nocturnal enuresis in Turkey: prevalence and accompanying factors in different socioeconomic environments.

Aim: To study the prevalence of nocturnal enuresis and the impact of associated familial factors in Turkish children with a different socioeconomic status.

Methods: A specific questionnaire was distributed to 3,000 parents of primary school children (6-12 years old). Of these children, 1,500 attended primary schools in Umraniye, a suburban region of Istanbul (group 1), and the other 1,500 children visited schools in Suadiye, a well-developed part of Istanbul (group 2).

Efficacy of salbutamol and ipratropium bromide in the management of acute bronchiolitis--a clinical trial.

Background: A wide range of drugs are commonly used to treat bronchiolitis, but evidence of their effectiveness is limited.

Objectives: To investigate the efficacy of ipratropium bromide and salbutamol in the treatment of patients with moderate-severe bronchiolitis.

Methods: Sixty-nine infants with moderate-severe bronchiolitis hospitalized at their first episode of wheezing or crepitations in the chest were enrolled in a prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

Effectiveness of nebulized furosemide added to nebulized salbutamol in children with acute asthma.

Background: Nebulized furosemide has been shown to be protective against bronchoconstricting stimuli.

Methods: To investigate whether inhaled furosemide would exhibit an additional therapeutic effect in children with acute asthma we performed a double-blind, placebo-controlled study in which patients with acute asthma attack were randomized to receive either nebulized salbutamol (0.15 mg/kg) plus nebulized furosemide (10 mg/m(2)) or nebulized salbutamol (0.

Actinomycotic suppurative thyroiditis in a child.

Aim: To present a rare case of actinomycotic suppurative thyroiditis in an infant with provision of the etiology, pathogenesis, clinical findings and treatment of this rare disease.

Design: A report of an 18-month-old female infant who presented with fever, erythema, induration and tenderness of the neck. The patient had the diagnosis of acute suppurative thyroiditis after a series of laboratory evaluation.

Effect of BCG vaccine on tuberculin skin tests in 7-11-year-old children.

Aim: To determine the effect of Bacillus Calmette Guerin (BCG) vaccination on tuberculin skin test responses in 7-11-year-old children, and also to clarify whether the number of vaccinations and the time interval between vaccination and tuberculin skin test have an effect on the test responses.

Method: 1200 primary school children were evaluated for the presence and number of BCG scars. They were then given 5 TU PPD-S intra-dermally.

Role of early EEG and neuroimaging in determination of prognosis in children with complex febrile seizure.

Background: The present study investigates the role of early use of EEG in children with no known neuropathology prior to the first CFS, and the contribution made by computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to treatment and prognosis.

Methods: Over a period of 7 years, the authors evaluated 159 children (age range: 2 months-5 years) who were being treated for CFS at Haydarpasa Numune Training and Research Hospital, Pediatrics Clinic, Istanbul, Turkey, and who had no previously known neurological disorder. Patients who presented with febrile seizure were determined to have CFS if they fulfilled the following criteria: <3 months of age when seizure occurred, duration of seizure >/=15 min, more than one seizure occurred during a single episode of illness, or focal seizures and postictal neurological deficit was found.

The relationship of tonsillar hyperplasia and asthma in a group of asthmatic children.

Background: The decline of infections in childhood may contribute to the rising severity and prevalence of atopic disorders in developed countries. With this regard, we examined the relationship of frequent tonsillitis and consequent tonsillar hyperplasia with the development of asthma.

Methods: Sixty-seven asthmatic children (ages 3-14) who had no signs or symptoms of acute tonsillitis were included.

Does passive smoke exposure trigger acute asthma attack in children?

The relationship between asthma and passive smoking has been well established. However, it is still not clear whether an acute asthma attack can be induced by acute smoke exposure. The specific aims of this study were: 1- To assess the degree of smoke exposure through urinary cotinine levels in asthmatic children during and 4 weeks after asthma attacks and, 2- To evaluate the reliability of parental questionnaires in asthmatic children by comparing the data obtained from cotinine measurements and parental reports.