A short history of bladder exstrophy.

The first description of bladder exstrophy was noted on Assyrian tablets nearly 4000 years ago. Since then various papers has been published with an increasing rate. According to the available historical data, almost all operative techniques had been described during the last two centuries.

A therapeutic method for failed bladder augmentation in children: re-augmentation.

Objective: To investigate the causes leading to the deterioration of previously successful bladder augmentation and to evaluate the efficacy of re-augmentation.

Patients And Methods: Between 1988 and 2004, 136 bladder augmentations were performed in two paediatric urological units in Hungary and Turkey. Re-augmentation was necessary in two patients after colocystoplasty and in three after gastrocystoplasty.