Disentangling fine particles (PM) composition in Hanoi, Vietnam: Emission sources and oxidative potential.

A comprehensive chemical characterization of fine particulate matter (PM) was conducted at an urban site in one of the most densely populated cities of Vietnam, Hanoi. Chemical analysis of a series of 57 daily PM samples obtained in 2019-2020 included the quantification of a detailed set of chemical tracers as well as the oxidative potential (OP), which estimates the ability of PM to catalyze reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in vivo as an initial step of health effects due to oxidative stress. The PM concentrations ranged from 8.