Metformin Decreases Serum Thyroglobulin Concentration in Nonmedullary Thyroid Carcinoma.

Context: The conventional treatment of nonmedullary thyroid carcinoma (NMTC) includes surgical resection, thyrotropin (TSH) suppression, and 131-iodine. Some patients develop persistent/recurrent metastatic disease requiring expensive alternative therapies, such as external radiation and multikinase inhibitors, which may have clinically significant side effects. Recent in vitro studies, in vivo studies in animals, and association studies in humans suggest that metformin, an inexpensive medication with a modest side effect profile, may help prevent or treat NMTC.

Daily Glucocorticoid Replacement Dose in Adrenal Insufficiency, a Mini Review.

The Endocrine Society Guidelines and recent reviews of adrenal insufficiency (AI) recommend a daily glucocorticoid replacement dose of 15 to 25 mg with a midpoint of 20 mg of hydrocortisone (HC) (alternatively 3 to 5 mg prednisolone) in divided doses in otherwise healthy individuals with AI. In contrast, a daily glucocorticoid replacement dose of 4.3 to 26 mg/d HC with a midpoint of 15 mg/d is predicted from current measurements of daily cortisol production rates and oral HC bioavailability.

Empiric Determination of the Daily Glucocorticoid Replacement Dose in Adrenal Insufficiency.

Background: For the treatment of adrenal insufficiency (AI) in adults, the Endocrine Society's recommended daily glucocorticoid replacement dose (DGRD) is 15 to 25 mg hydrocortisone (HC), which is approximately 1.7 times the reported mean daily cortisol production rate. Prolonged glucocorticoid overtreatment causes multiple morbidities.

Adrenal vein sampling with and without cosyntropin stimulation for detection of surgically remediable aldosteronism.

Context And Objective: Bilateral adrenal vein sampling (AVS), the diagnostic standard for identifying surgically remediable aldosteronism (SRA), is commonly performed after cosyntropin stimulation (post-ACTHstim). The role of AVS without cosyntropin stimulation (pre-ACTHstim) has not been established. The selectivity index (SI), the adrenal vein (av) serum cortisol concentration divided by that in a peripheral vein, confirms av sampling.