Vitamin D supplementation and gross motor development: A 3-year follow-up of a randomized trial.

Background: Vitamin D status during pregnancy, early childhood and season-at-birth are implicated in gross motor development (GMD).

Aim: To test whether vitamin D intake in infancy and season-at-birth affect GMD in early childhood.

Study Design: 3-year follow up study of a single-center trial.

Survey of public library use in the Ambulatory Clinic in the Children's Hospital Winnipeg.

Introduction: Recent studies highlight synergies for families receiving early childhood literacy support from their health care provider and public library, with more reading at home and higher quality book-sharing interactions. Our primary objective was to determine the percentage of Children's Hospital Winnipeg Ambulatory Clinic's patients who had ever used a public library. The clinic has a longstanding early-childhood literacy program and serves remote communities and low-income Winnipeg families.

Patterns of Bone Mineral Accretion and Sex Differences in Healthy Term Vitamin D Replete and Breastfed Infants From Montreal, Canada: Bone Mass Reference Data.

Infancy is a period of rapid bone growth and mineral accretion; nonetheless, reference data remain scarce for this age group. The purpose of this report is to generate reference data for bone mass in breastfed vitamin D replete infants and investigate patterns of bone mineral accretion and sex differences. This is a secondary analysis from a double-blinded randomized controlled trial (NCT00381914).

CYP24A1 and SLC34A1 Pathogenic Variants Are Uncommon in a Canadian Cohort of Children with Hypercalcemia or Hypercalciuria.

Objectives: Biallelic pathogenic variants in CYPA24A1 and SLC34A1 are causes of idiopathic infantile hypercalcemia. Pathogenic variants in both may also give rise to hypercalciuria with nephrocalcinosis or nephrolithiasis without previous hypercalcemia (renal group). Our objective was to examine the frequency of CYP24A1 or SLC34A1 variants in children with early hypercalcemia or late-onset hypercalciuria.

Prevalence of high blood pressure among Canadian Children: 2017 American Academy of Pediatrics guidelines with the Canadian Health Measures Survey.

Background: We assess the impact of the 2017 American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) guidelines on the prevalence of high blood pressure (BP) in generally healthy Canadian children and identify risk factors associated with high BP (elevated, stage 1, or stage 2 at a single visit).

Methods: A cohort of 7,387 children aged 6 to 18 years in the Canadian Health Measures Survey (CHMS, 2007 to 2015) had BPTru oscillometry with centiles and stages assigned using both the 2017 AAP guidelines and the 2004 Fourth Report from the National Institute of Health/National Heart Lung and Blood Institute (NIH/NHLBI).

Results: Although both shifted upwards significantly, mean population systolic BP and diastolic BP percentiles are now 24.

Assessing childhood health outcome inequalities with area-based socioeconomic measures: a retrospective cross-sectional study using Manitoba population data.

Background: Socioeconomic gradients in health exist in Canada. Although multiple Canadian area-based socioeconomic measures (ABSM) have been developed, none have been specifically validated against pediatric outcomes. Our objective was to compare the strength of association between key pediatric health outcomes and a number of ABSM, including income quintile.

WHO height charts can be safely substituted when calculating BP Z-scores in a North American clinic setting.

Objectives: The Public Health Agency of Canada has officially adopted growth charts from the World Health Organization (WHO); nevertheless, North American blood pressure (BP) Z-scores and percentiles still depend on height Z-scores based on growth charts from the US Centers for Disease Control (CDC), which may differ significantly, particularly in toddlers. Since many practitioners simply replace CDC height scores with WHO equivalents for diagnosing hypertension, we explore the impact of this substitution on BP Z-scores in real-world BPs measured on more than 22,000 children aged 2 to 18 years.

Methods: We report agreement between two different measures of the same quantity as Bland-Altman limits of agreement (LOA).

Prevalence and Severity of High Blood Pressure Among Children Based on the 2017 American Academy of Pediatrics Guidelines.

Importance: Based on the new 2017 blood pressure guidelines, the prevalence of high blood pressure (BP) among adults has increased from 32% to 46%. Based on new norms and diagnostic thresholds that better align with adult definitions, new clinical practice guidelines were also published for children. The American Academy of Pediatrics clinical practice guidelines for the management of elevated BP in children replace the 2004 fourth report from the National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute.

Assessment of pedometer accuracy in capturing habitual types of physical activities in overweight and obese children.

Background: Currently, there is a limited amount of research exploring physical activity measurement tools in overweight and obese (OW/OB) children using pedometers. Thus, our objective was to determine the accuracy of one spring-levered (SC-T2) and two piezoelectric pedometers (NL-1000 and Piezo) in OW/OB children.

Methods: A total of 26 boys and 34 girls (n = 60) participated.

LMS tables for waist-circumference and waist-height ratio Z-scores in children aged 5-19 y in NHANES III: association with cardio-metabolic risks.

Background: In adults, anthropometric measures of central adiposity, such as waist-height ratio (WHtR) and waist circumference (WC), are more strongly associated with cardio-metabolic risks than BMI.

Methods: To provide similar quantitative tools for North American children, we created smoothed centile charts and LMS tables for WHtR and WC based on data from the US National Health and Nutrition Survey, cycle III (NHANES III, N = 11,930 aged 2-24 y 1988-1994).

Results: Applying these reference charts to subsequent NHANES survey cycles, 1999-2012) demonstrated a significant mean increase in both Z-scores of approximately 0.

High vitamin D status before conception, but not during pregnancy, is inversely associated with maternal gestational diabetes mellitus in guinea pigs.

Background: Whether there is a dose-dependent effect of maternal dietary cholecalciferol during pregnancy on maternal glucose tolerance is unknown. In addition, circulating osteocalcin is increased by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D [1,25(OH)2D] and may improve glucose homeostasis.

Objective: This study was designed to test whether dietary cholecalciferol during pregnancy dose-dependently affects maternal glucose tolerance and maternal and neonatal glucose concentrations in relation to plasma osteocalcin and body composition.

Dietary vitamin D during pregnancy has dose-dependent effects on long bone density and architecture in guinea pig offspring but not the sows.

Background: The effects of vitamin D during pregnancy on maternal and neonatal bone health remain unclear.

Objective: This study was designed to test whether dietary vitamin D dose-dependently affects maternal and neonatal bone health.

Methods: Female guinea pigs (n = 45; 4 mo old) were randomly assigned at mating to receive 1 of 5 doses of vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol; 0, 0.

Osteocalcin is higher across pregnancy in Caucasian women with gestational diabetes mellitus.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate circulating concentrations of osteocalcin, a bone-derived protein, while accounting for 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) throughout pregnancy, and whether early gestation concentrations and changes in osteocalcin predict the subsequent diagnosis of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).

Methods: This was a nested case-control study involving 48 GDM and 48 control pregnant Caucasian women (matched for age, season of conception, pre-pregnancy body mass index and pregnancy length). Maternal serum osteocalcin was measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and 25(OH)D by chemiluminescence throughout pregnancy (11-13 weeks, 24-28 weeks and predelivery).

Vitamin D status is associated with bone mineral density and bone mineral content in preschool-aged children.

This study examined the associations between vitamin D status, bone mineral content (BMC), areal bone mineral density (aBMD), and markers of calcium homeostasis in preschool-aged children. Children (n=488; age range: 1.8-6.

Osteocalcin, but not deoxypyridinoline, increases in response to isoflurane-induced anaesthesia in young female guinea pigs.

The effect of the inhaled anaesthetic isoflurane was investigated on bone biomarkers, both during maturation and on minerals and glucose postpartum. Female guinea pigs (n = 10) were anaesthetized during maturation (5 and 9 weeks) and postpartum (26 weeks of age) with isoflurane during dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scanning. Blood collection was performed at all ages before and after anaesthesia for measurement of plasma osteocalcin (OC), total deoxypyridinoline (tDPD), and cortisol.

Normative data and predictors of leg muscle function and postural control in children.

Introduction: At the present there are limited tools available to measure muscle function in young children. Ground reaction force plates measure lower-body function and postural control in older children and adults. The purpose of this study was threefold: 1) develop normative data for evaluating global muscle development; 2) determine the reproducibility of ground reaction force plates for assessing muscle function in preschool-age children; and 3) identify predictors of skeletal muscle function.

A family-centered lifestyle intervention to improve body composition and bone mass in overweight and obese children 6 through 8 years: a randomized controlled trial study protocol.

Background: Childhood obesity gives rise to health complications including impaired musculoskeletal development that associates with increased risk of fractures. Prevention and treatment programs should focus on nutrition education, increasing physical activity (PA), reducing sedentary behaviours, and should monitor bone mass as a component of body composition. To ensure lifestyle changes are sustained in the home environment, programs need to be family-centered.

Bone mineral density measured by a portable X-ray device agrees with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry at forearm in preschool aged children.

Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) measures of bone mineral density (BMD) are generally not feasible in fieldwork. The present study determined the agreement between BMD measured by DXA and portable peripheral DXA in preschool aged children. Fifty-seven children (4.

Glycogen storage disease type III in Inuit children.

Glycogen storage disease type III (GSD III) was diagnosed in 4 Inuit children (3 confirmed, 1 suspected case) at our institution over the last decade. This rare autosomal recessive disease, which results from a deficiency of the debranching enzyme required for complete degradation of the glycogen molecule, has not been previously described in this population. The possible clinical presentations are heterogeneous, as is the spectrum of severity of this disease.

Osteopenia and fractures in cystinotic children post renal transplantation.

Many of the end-organ effects of cystinosis are known to be risk factors for osteopenia; these include deposition of cystine crystals in bone, hypothyroidism, diabetes mellitus, primary hypogonadism, urinary phosphate wasting, and chronic renal failure. While transplantation may correct the latter, it exposes the child to other risk factors for diminished bone mass, notably the use of high-dose glucocorticoids. Our objective was to determine if these multiple risk factors translate into an increased occurrence of osteopenia, as measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), and/or fractures in this population.