Correction: Impacts of California Proposition 47 on crime in Santa Monica, California.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.

Effect of Population Partitioning on the Probability of Silent Circulation of Poliovirus.

Polio can circulate unobserved in regions that are challenging to monitor. To assess the probability of silent circulation, simulation models can be used to understand transmission dynamics when detection is unreliable. Model assumptions, however, impact the estimated probability of silent circulation.

Impacts of California Proposition 47 on crime in Santa Monica, California.

We examine patterns of reported crime in Santa Monica, California before and after the passage of Proposition 47, a 2014 initiative that reclassified some non-violent felonies as misdemeanors. We also investigate impacts of the opening of four new light rail stations in 2016 and of increased community-based policing starting in late 2018. Our statistical analyses of reclassified crimes-larceny, fraud, possession of narcotics, forgery, receiving/possessing stolen property-and non-reclassified ones are based on publicly available reported crime data from 2006 to 2019.

Evaluating the probability of silent circulation of polio in small populations using the silent circulation statistic.

As polio-endemic countries move towards elimination, infrequent first infections and incomplete surveillance make it difficult to determine when the virus has been eliminated from the population. Eichner and Dietz [, 143, 8 (1996)] proposed a model to estimate the probability of silent polio circulation depending upon when the last paralytic case was detected. Using the same kind of stochastic model they did, we additionally model waning polio immunity in the context of isolated, small, and unvaccinated populations.

Corrigendum to "Silent circulation of poliovirus in small populations" [Infectious Disease Modeling 2 (2017) 431-440].

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1016/j.idm.

Silent circulation of poliovirus in small populations.

Background: Small populations that have been isolated by conflict make vaccination and surveillance difficult, threatening polio eradication. Silent circulation is caused by asymptomatic infections. It is currently not clear whether the dynamics of waning immunity also influence the risk of silent circulation in the absence of vaccination.

Characteristic patterns of cancer incidence: Epidemiological data, biological theories, and multistage models.

We investigate and classify several patterns in cancer incidence and relative risk data which persist across different countries and multiple published studies. We then explore biological hypotheses as well as many mathematical models in the literature that attempt to explain these patterns. A general modeling framework is presented which is general enough to model most of observed behaviors.

A Mathematic Model That Describes Modes of MdSGHV Transmission within House Fly Populations.

In this paper it is proposed that one potential component by which the Musca domestica salivary gland hypertrophy virus (MdSGHV) infects individual flies is through cuticular damage. Breaks in the cuticle allow entry of the virus into the hemocoel causing the infection. Male flies typically have a higher rate of infection and a higher rate of cuticular damage than females.

Muscavirus (MdSGHV) disease dynamics in house fly populations--how is this virus transmitted and has it potential as a biological control agent?

The newly classified family Hytrosaviridae comprises several double-stranded DNA viruses that have been isolated from various dipteran species. These viruses cause characteristic salivary gland hypertrophy and suppress gonad development in their hosts. One member, Muscavirus or MdSGHV, exclusively infects adult house flies (Musca domestica) and, owing to its massive reproduction in and release from the salivary glands, is believed to be transmitted orally among feeding flies.