Metformin regulates TRPM6, a potential explanation for magnesium imbalance in type 2 diabetes patients.

Metformin therapy is associated with lower serum magnesium (Mg) levels in type 2 diabetes patients. The TRPM6 channel determines the fine-tuning of Mg (re)absorption in intestine and kidney. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the short- and long-term effects of metformin on TRPM6.

Renal phospholipidosis and impaired magnesium handling in high-fat-diet-fed mice.

Hypomagnesemia (blood Mg concentration <0.7 mM) is a common electrolyte disorder in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D), but the etiology remains largely unknown. In patients with T2D, reduced blood Mg levels are associated with an increased decline in renal function, independent of glycemic control and hypertension.

Increased NEFA levels reduce blood Mg in hypertriacylglycerolaemic states via direct binding of NEFA to Mg.

Aims/hypothesis: The blood triacylglycerol level is one of the main determinants of blood Mg concentration in individuals with type 2 diabetes. Hypomagnesaemia (blood Mg concentration <0.7 mmol/l) has serious consequences as it increases the risk of developing type 2 diabetes and accelerates progression of the disease.

Magnesium deficiency prevents high-fat-diet-induced obesity in mice.

Aims/hypothesis: Hypomagnesaemia (blood Mg <0.7 mmol/l) is a common phenomenon in individuals with type 2 diabetes. However, it remains unknown how a low blood Mg concentration affects lipid and energy metabolism.

Determinants of hypomagnesemia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Background: Hypomagnesemia (plasma magnesium (Mg) concentration <0.7 mmol/L) has been described in patients with type 2 diabetes. Polypharmacy is inevitable when treating a complex disease such as type 2 diabetes and could explain disturbances in the plasma Mg concentration.

[Sulphonylurea derivatives or insulin with metformin?].

If pharmacological treatment of glycaemia with metformin in patients with type 2 diabetes fails, a second agent is advised, however, the optimal choice is unclear. Most guidelines suggest the addition of sulphonylurea (SU) derivatives as the first option, but sometimes insulin is preferred as there have been doubts concerning the cardiovascular safety of SUs. From a large Veterans Administration (VA) registry study, Roumie et al.

Weight loss induced by tyrosine kinase inhibitors of the vascular endothelial growth factor pathway.

Weight loss, cachexia and sarcopenia are profound problems in the frail oncologic patients. With the development and increasing use of angiogenesis inhibitors in metastatic cancer patients, the question arises as to their influence on body weight and composition. Angiogenesis is not only important for the growth, development and metastatic potential of tumors but also for physiological processes in adipogenesis.

Effect of acute hypoglycemia on human cerebral glucose metabolism measured by ¹³C magnetic resonance spectroscopy.

Objective: To investigate the effect of acute insulin-induced hypoglycemia on cerebral glucose metabolism in healthy humans, measured by (13)C magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS).

Research Design And Methods: Hyperinsulinemic glucose clamps were performed at plasma glucose levels of 5 mmol/L (euglycemia) or 3 mmol/L (hypoglycemia) in random order in eight healthy subjects (four women) on two occasions, separated by at least 3 weeks. Enriched [1-(13)C]glucose 20% w/w was used for the clamps to maintain stable plasma glucose labeling.

Optimized [1-(13)C]glucose infusion protocol for 13C magnetic resonance spectroscopy at 3T of human brain glucose metabolism under euglycemic and hypoglycemic conditions.

The effect of insulin-induced hypoglycemia on cerebral glucose metabolism is largely unknown. (13)C MRS is a unique tool to study cerebral glucose metabolism, but the concurrent requirement for [1-(13)C]glucose administration limits its use under hypoglycemic conditions. To facilitate (13)C MRS data analysis we designed separate [1-(13)C]glucose infusion protocols for hyperinsulinemic euglycemic and hypoglycemic clamps in such a way that plasma isotopic enrichment of glucose was stable and comparable under both glycemic conditions.