Case report: Early-onset parkinsonism among the neurological features in children with variants.

is expressed in cardiovascular and neurological tissues. In the brain, it has a role in pre- and post-natal maturation. Previously reported -mutated patients showed early-onset epilepsy and intellectual disability.

Intrathecal baclofen and motor function in cerebral palsy.

Aim: The aim of this retrospective analysis was to determine the impact of intrathecal baclofen (ITB) therapy on motor function in patients with cerebral palsy (CP).

Method: We studied 37 patients (18 males, 19 females) with CP treated with ITB (mean age at implant 13 y 7 mo, SD 7 y). Eighteen patients were affected by spastic diplegia, 12 by spastic quadriplegia, six by dystonic quadriplegia, and one by hemidystonia.

Forced-use, without therapy, in children with hemiplegia: preliminary study of a new approach for the upper limb.

Background: Forced use (FU) is an emerging treatment for children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy (CP). It involves constraining the unaffected arm and no additional treatment of the affected arm. Our study examined a new approach to FU in children with hemiplegic CP: that is, restraint of the unaffected limb and no rehabilitation.

Upper limbs function after intrathecal baclofen therapy in children with secondary dystonia.

Background: Different studies show the efficacy of intrathecal baclofen therapy (ITB) in patients with secondary dystonia because of cerebral palsy. These studies only report improvements related to dystonia reduction; however, none of them have assessed whether such benefit is reflected in limb function. The purpose of our study is to determine whether the effects ITB therapy in patients with secondary dystonia to cerebral palsy, in addition to reducing dystonia, may also improve upper limb function.

Effect of intrathecal baclofen on dystonia in children with cerebral palsy and the use of functional scales.

Background: The literature available shows that spasticity in patients with cerebral palsy (CP) is reduced by intrathecal baclofen (ITB) treatment, and various studies suggest that this treatment can also be used in dystonic patients. The aim of the present study was to evaluate dystonia treated with ITB in children with CP.

Methods: Data of 19 patients affected by dystonia as an outcome of infant CP in patients belonging to level V of Gross Motor Function Classification System treated with ITB were collected.

Upper limb function after intrathecal baclofen treatment in children with cerebral palsy.

Background: The literature shows that intrathecal baclofen (ITB) treatment in patients with cerebral palsy (CP) is able to reduce spasticity. The purpose of this work is to evaluate the motor function of the upper limbs in patients with CP treated with ITB.

Methods: A consecutive series of 20 patients with spastic CP (mean age at implant, 11.

The use of intrathecal baclofen pump implants in children and adolescents: safety and complications in 200 consecutive cases.

Object: The authors investigated the efficacy of intrathecal baclofen therapy, analyzing the complications and risk factors in 200 consecutive patients who received pump implants.

Methods: The patient population included 200 patients (mean age 13.7 +/- 5.