Risk of selection and timelines for the continued spread of artemisinin and partner drug resistance in Africa.

The introduction of artemisinin combination therapies (ACTs) has significantly reduced the burden of malaria, yet the emergence of artemisinin partial resistance (ART-R) as well as partner drug resistance threatens these gains. Recent confirmations of prevalent ART-R mutations in Africa, in particular in Rwanda, Uganda and Ethiopia, underscore the urgency of addressing this issue in Africa. Our objective is to characterise this evolving resistance landscape in Africa and understand the speed with which ART-R will continue to spread.