[Side effects of biologic therapies in psoriasis].

Background: The introduction of biologics has revolutionized the treatment of moderate to severe plaque psoriasis. Due to the continuous expansion of biological therapies for psoriasis, it is particularly important to acknowledge efficacy and safety of the compounds not only in clinical trials but also in long-term registry-based observational studies.

Aim: Typical side effects and significant risks of antipsoriatic biologic therapies considering psoriatic control groups are presented.

Demodex mites modulate sebocyte immune reaction: possible role in the pathogenesis of rosacea.

Background: Rosacea is a common facial skin disorder mainly affecting middle-aged adults. Its aetiology is unknown and pathogenesis uncertain. Activation of the host innate immune response has been identified as an important factor.

Inhibitory effects of superoxide dismutase 3 on Propionibacterium acnes-induced skin inflammation.

Propionibacterium acnes is a well-known commensal bacterium that plays an important role in the pathogenesis of acne and chronic inflammatory skin disease. In this study, we investigated the effect of superoxide dismutase 3 (SOD3) on P. acnes- or peptidoglycan (PGN)-induced inflammation in vitro and in vivo.

Endocannabinoid Tone Regulates Human Sebocyte Biology.

We have previously shown that endocannabinoids (eCBs) (e.g., anandamide) are involved in the maintenance of homeostatic sebaceous lipid production in human sebaceous glands and that eCB treatment dramatically increases sebaceous lipid production.

Sebaceous-immunobiology is orchestrated by sebum lipids.

The major role of sebaceous glands in mammals is to produce sebum, which coats the epidermis and the hair providing waterproofing, thermoregulation and photoprotection. However, as the need for these functions decreased along the evolutionary changes in humans, a relevant question has been raised: are sebaceous glands and sebum the remnants of our mammalian heritage or do they have overtaken a far more complex role in human skin biology? Trying to provide answers to this question, this review introduces the evolving field of sebaceous immunobiology and puts into the focus the pathways that sebum lipids use to influence the immune milieu of the skin. By introducing possible modifiers of sebaceous lipogenesis and discussing the - human-specific - alterations in composition and amount of sebum, the attribute of sebum as a sensitive tool, which is capable of translating multiple signalling pathways into the dermal micro environment is presented.

Insulin and Insulin-like growth factor-1 can activate the phosphoinositide-3-kinase /Akt/FoxO1 pathway in T cells .

Hyper-glycemic food increases insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) and insulin signaling and regulates endocrine responses and thereby may modulate the course of acne. Inflammation and adaptive immune responses have a pivotal role in all stages of acne. Recent hypothesis suggests that hyperglycemic food reduces nuclear forkhead box-O1 (FoxO1) transcription factor and may eventually induces acne.

RIS-1/psoriasin expression in epithelial skin cells indicates their selective role in innate immunity and in inflammatory skin diseases including acne.

Objective: RIS-1/psoriasin/S100A7 is an epithelial antimicrobial peptide, whose expression is upregulated in inflammatory skin diseases and is induced by retinoids. Its molecular expression was investigated in skin cell cultures and in skin specimens to better understand its role in inflammatory procedures of the pilosebaceous unit.

Methods: rtPCR and northern blotting of RIS-1/psoriasin and the retinoid-metabolizing genes CYP26AI and CRABP-II were performed in cells cultures (keratinocytes, sebocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, melanocytes, lymphocytes and prostate cells; native and treated with retinoids) and in situ hybridization in normal and inflamed skin (acne, psoriasis).

Primary sebocytes and sebaceous gland cell lines for studying sebaceous lipogenesis and sebaceous gland diseases.

Sebocytes, the major cell type in sebaceous glands, are differentiated epithelial cells that gradually accumulate lipids and eventually disrupt, releasing their content (sebum) in a secretory process known as holocrine secretion. Via the hair canal, sebum reaches the skin surface, where it has several known or postulated functions, including pheromonal, thermoregulatory, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities. Altered sebum secretion and/or structural sebaceous gland changes have also been involved in the pathogenesis of skin diseases, such as acne vulgaris and some forms of alopecia.

Activation of PKB/Akt and p44/42 by mechanical stretch utilizes desmosomal structures and the keratin filament.

Background: Mechanical stress is an ubiquitous challenge of human cells with fundamental impact on cell physiology. Previous studies have shown that stretching promotes signalling cascades involved in proliferation and tissue enlargement.

Objective: The present study is dedicated to learn more about cellular structures contributing to perception and signal transmission of cell stretch.

Age influences the skin reaction pattern to mechanical stress and its repair level through skin care products.

Skin aging is associated with alterations of surface texture, sebum composition and immune response. Mechanical stress induces repair mechanisms, which may be dependent on the age and quality of the skin. The response to mechanical stress in young and aged individuals, their subjective opinion and the objective effectiveness of skin care products were evaluated by biophysical skin quality parameters (stratum corneum hydration, transepidermal water loss, skin pH, pigmentation and erythema) at baseline, 1, 6, 24h and 7days at the forearms of 2 groups of healthy volunteers, younger than 35 years (n=11) and older than 60 years (n=13).

Low and high body mass index in hidradenitis suppurativa patients-different subtypes?

Introduction: Overweight is a well-established risk factor for hidradenitis suppurativa (HS). In this cross-sectional study, we compare HS patients with a high body mass index (BMI) with HS patients with a low BMI to investigate differences in disease characteristics.

Materials And Method: Patients were recruited from 17 dermatological centres from four continents.

Particulate matter 2.5 regulates lipid synthesis and inflammatory cytokine production in human SZ95 sebocytes.

A large body of evidence indicates that particulate matter (PM)2.5 is associated with various negative effects on human health. However, the impact and molecular mechanism of PM2.

Sebocytes contribute to skin inflammation by promoting the differentiation of T helper 17 cells.

Background: The main function of sebocytes is considered to be the production of lipids to moisturize the skin. However, it recently became apparent that sebocytes release chemokines and cytokines and respond to proinflammatory stimuli as well as the presence of bacteria.

Objectives: To analyse the functional communication between human sebocytes and T cells.

Acne Fulminans: Treatment Experience from 26 Patients.

Unlabelled: Background /Aim: Acne fulminans is a rare form of acne vulgaris with acute clinical deterioration including systemic signs. Etiopathogenesis and management remain largely unknown. Our aim is to assess the efficacy of a combined therapeutic regimen of systemic isotretinoin and prednisolone following the recent concepts of acne pathogenesis and drug kinetics.

Sebum lipids influence macrophage polarization and activation.

Background: As lipids are known to regulate macrophage functions, it is reasonable to suppose that a sebocyte-macrophage axis mediated by sebum lipids may exist.

Objectives: To investigate if sebocytes could contribute to the differentiation, polarization and function of macrophages with their secreted lipids.

Methods: Oil Red O lipid staining and Raman spectroscopy were used to assess the dermal lipid content and penetration.

Development and validation of the International Hidradenitis Suppurativa Severity Score System (IHS4), a novel dynamic scoring system to assess HS severity.

Background: A validated tool for the dynamic severity assessment of hidradenitis suppurativa/acne inversa (HS) is lacking.

Objectives: To develop and validate a novel dynamic scoring system to assess the severity of HS.

Methods: A Delphi voting procedure was conducted among the members of the European Hidradenitis Suppurativa Foundation (EHSF) to achieve consensus towards an initial HS Severity Score System (HS4).

Anti-acne drugs in phase 1 and 2 clinical trials.

Despite the impressive increase of knowledge on acne etiology accumulated during the last 20 years, few efforts have been overtaken to introduce new therapeutic regiments targeting the ideal treatment of acne. The increasing emergence of microbial resistance associated with antibiotics, teratogenicity, particularly associated with systemic isotretinoin, and the need for an adverse drug profile, which can be tolerated by the patient, make the need of new pathogenesis relevant anti-acne agents an emerging issue. Areas covered: A search for phase 1 and 2 acne treatment trials in the US National Institutes of Health database of clinical trials and the European Medicines Agency database with the key words 'acne' and 'treatment' was carried out, on 6 January 2017.

Epidemiology of Acne Vulgaris in 18-Year-Old Male Army Conscripts in a South Brazilian City.

Background: Prevalence of acne varies worldwide. Several factors (age, skin color, body fat, diet, and smoking) have been investigated as risk factors.

Objective: A total of 2,201 18-year-old males living in Pelotas, South Brazil, were evaluated in order to examine the prevalence of acne and associated factors.

Benign atrophic papulosis (Köhlmeier-Degos disease): the wedge-shaped dermal necrosis can resolve with time.

Background: Atrophic papulosis is a rare thrombo-occlusive disease, characterized by the appearance of multiple atrophic porcelain-white skin papules, with a surrounding erythematous rim, which are histologically consisting of wedge-shaped necrosis of the dermis.

Objective: It consists of two variants: (i) the benign atrophic papulosis (BAP) only involving the skin and (ii) the malignant atrophic papulosis (MAP) also involving several internal organs with a cumulative five-year survival rate of approx. 55%.