Effects of acute creatine loading with or without carbohydrate on repeated bouts of maximal swimming in high-performance swimmers.

The addition of carbohydrate (CHO) to an acute creatine (Cr) loading regimen has been shown to increase muscle total creatine content significantly beyond that achieved through creatine loading alone. However, the potential ergogenic effects of combined Cr and CHO loading have not been assessed. The purpose of this study was to compare swimming performance, assessed as mean swimming velocity over repeated maximal intervals, in high-performance swimmers before and after an acute loading regimen of either creatine alone (Cr) or combined creatine and carbohydrate (Cr + CHO).

Energy balance, bone turnover, and skeletal health in physically active individuals.

Over the past 20 years, there have been a growing number of reports of low bone mineral density (BMD) or premature bone loss in individuals with a high physical activity level. These skeletal problems have been documented mainly in underweight women with amenorrhea and have often been linked to a sex hormone deficiency. However, sex hormone treatment has been shown to have limited efficacy for the prevention or treatment of low BMD in such women.

Annual changes of bone density over 12 years in an amenorrheic athlete.

Purpose: To link annual changes of bone mineral density (BMD) over 12 consecutive years to pharmacological intervention and to fluctuations of body mass and body composition in an amenorrheic athlete.

Methods: BMD of the lumbar spine (LS) and total proximal femur (PF) were measured using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA), every 11-13 months between ages 24.8 and 36.