Sex differences in urinary levels of several biological indicators of exposure: a simulation study using a compartmental-based toxicokinetic model.

Toxicokinetic modeling is a useful tool to describe or predict the behavior of a chemical agent in the human or animal organism. A general model based on four compartments was developed in a previous study to quantify the effect of human variability on a wide range of biological exposure indicators. The aim of this study was to adapt this existing general toxicokinetic model to three organic solvents--methyl ethyl ketone, 1-methoxy-2-propanol, and 1,1,1,-trichloroethane--and to take into account sex differences.

Effect of age on toxicokinetics among human volunteers exposed to propylene glycol methyl ether (PGME).

Unlabelled: Aging adults represent the fastest growing population segment in many countries. Physiological and metabolic changes in the aging process may alter how aging adults biologically respond to pollutants. In a controlled human toxicokinetic study (exposure chamber; 12 m³), aging volunteers (n=10; >58 years) were exposed to propylene glycol monomethyl ether (PGME, CAS no.

Assessment of occupational and public exposure to trichloramine in Swiss indoor swimming pools: a proposal for an occupational exposure limit.

Objectives: The presence of trichloramine in the air in different indoor swimming pools has been studied in several countries. In almost all studies, the results show a possible health impact due to trichloramine among pool attendants. The main objectives of our study were to evaluate, for the first time in Switzerland, occupational and public trichloramine exposure in a representative panel of indoor pools and to propose an occupational exposure limit for trichloramine.

Regulatory assessment of in vitro skin corrosion and irritation data within the European framework: Workshop recommendations.

Validated in vitro methods for skin corrosion and irritation were adopted by the OECD and by the European Union during the last decade. In the EU, Switzerland and countries adopting the EU legislation, these assays may allow the full replacement of animal testing for identifying and classifying compounds as skin corrosives, skin irritants, and non irritants. In order to develop harmonised recommendations on the use of in vitro data for regulatory assessment purposes within the European framework, a workshop was organized by the Swiss Federal Office of Public Health together with ECVAM and the BfR.

Sex differences in urinary levels of several biological indicators of exposure: a human volunteer study.

The aim of the study was to quantify the variability on biological indicators of exposure between men and women for three well known solvents: methyl ethyl ketone, 1-methoxy-2-propanol and 1,1,1-trichloroethane. Another purpose was to explore the effect of selected CYP2E1 polymorphisms on the toxicokinetic profile. Controlled human exposures were carried out in a 12 m³ exposure chamber for each solvent separately, during 6h and at half of the threshold limit value.

Human mercury exposure associated with small-scale gold mining in Burkina Faso.

Purpose: In Burkina Faso, gold ore is one of the main sources of income for an important part of the active population. Artisan gold miners use mercury in the extraction, a toxic metal whose human health risks are well known. The aim of the present study was to assess mercury exposure as well as to understand the exposure determinants of gold miners in Burkinabe small-scale mines.

Cyclododecane exposure in the field of conservation and restoration of art objects.

Purpose: Recent work practices in the conservation and restoration involve the use of cyclododecane (CDD, CAS 294-62-2) to protect fragile artifacts during their handling or transportation. Little is known about its toxicity, and no previous exposure has been reported. A short field investigation was conducted to characterize the exposure conditions to both CDD vapors and aerosols.

Sensitive headspace gas chromatography analysis of free and conjugated 1-methoxy-2-propanol in urine.

Glycol ethers still continue to be a workplace hazard due to their important use on an industrial scale. Currently, chronic occupational exposures to low levels of xenobiotics become increasingly relevant. Thus, sensitive analytical methods for detecting biomarkers of exposure are of interest in the field of occupational exposure assessment.

Age differences in biological monitoring of chemical exposure: a tentative description using a toxicokinetic model.

Aim: Specific factors responsible for interindividual variability should be identified and their contribution quantified to improve the usefulness of biological monitoring. Among others, age is an easily identifiable determinant, which could play an important impact on biological variability.

Materials And Methods: A compartmental toxicokinetic model developed in previous studies for a series of metallic and organic compounds was applied to the description of age differences.