Relationship between e-cigarette point of sale recall and e-cigarette use in secondary school children: a cross-sectional study.

Background: There has been a rapid increase in the retail availability of e-cigarettes in the UK and elsewhere. It is known that exposure to cigarette point-of-sale (POS) displays influences smoking behaviour and intentions in young people. However, there is as yet no evidence regarding the relationship between e-cigarette POS display exposure and e-cigarette use in young people.

Are Retail Outlets Complying with National Legislation to Protect Children from Exposure to Tobacco Displays at Point of Sale? Results from the First Compliance Study in the UK.

Background: From April 6th 2015, all small shops in the UK were required to cover up tobacco products at point of sale (POS) to protect children from exposure. As part of a larger 5-year study to measure the impact of the legislation in Scotland, an audit was conducted to assess level and nature of compliance with the ban immediately following its introduction.

Materials And Methods: A discreet observational audit was conducted 7-14 days post implementation which took measures of physical changes made to cover products, server/assistant practices, tobacco signage and advertising, and communication of price information.

A cross-sectional analysis of the relationship between tobacco and alcohol outlet density and neighbourhood deprivation.

Background: There is a strong socio-economic gradient in both tobacco-and alcohol-related harm. One possible factor contributing to this social gradient may be greater availability of tobacco and alcohol in more socially-deprived areas. A higher density of tobacco and alcohol outlets is not only likely to increase supply but also to raise awareness of tobacco/alcohol brands, create a competitive local market that reduces product costs, and influence local social norms relating to tobacco and alcohol consumption.

Tobacco Retail Environments and Social Inequalities in Individual-Level Smoking and Cessation Among Scottish Adults.

Introduction: Many neighborhood characteristics may constrain or enable smoking. This study investigated whether the neighborhood tobacco retail environment was associated with individual-level smoking and cessation in Scottish adults, and whether inequalities in smoking status were related to tobacco retailing.

Methods: Tobacco outlet density measures were developed for neighborhoods across Scotland using the September 2012 Scottish Tobacco Retailers Register.

Determining the impact of smoking point of sale legislation among youth (Display) study: a protocol for an evaluation of public health policy.

Background: Tobacco advertising and product promotions have been largely banned in the UK but point of sale (POS) tobacco advertising is one of the few places where tobacco products may be legitimately advertised. POS displays have been shown to increase susceptibility to smoking, experimentation and initiation into smoking. These displays may also influence perceived prevalence of smoking and the perception that tobacco products are easily obtained and are a 'normal' product.

Have geographical inequalities in cause-specific mortality in New Zealand increased during the period 1980-2001?

Aims: To monitor geographical inequalities in cause-specific mortality in New Zealand during the period 1980 to 2001, a time of rapid social and economic change.

Methods: Age-standardised rates of all-cause mortality, as well as for nine of the leading causes of death among males and females, were calculated for District Health Boards (DHBs) for the periods 1980-1982, 1985-1987, 1990-1992, 1995-1997, and 1999-2001. Geographical inequalities in health were evaluated using the DHB-level cause-specific Rate Ratio (RR; age standardised rates 1999-2001:1980-1982), and the Relative Index of Inequality (RII).

Spatial implications of covariate adjustment on patterns of risk: respiratory hospital admissions in Christchurch, New Zealand.

Epidemiological studies that examine the relationship between environmental exposures and health often address other determinants of health that may influence the relationship being studied by adjusting for these factors as covariates. While disease surveillance methods routinely control for covariates such as deprivation, there has been limited investigative work on the spatial movement of risk at the intraurban scale due to the adjustment. It is important that the nature of any spatial relocation be well understood as a relocation to areas of increased risk may also introduce additional localised factors that influence the exposure-response relationship.