A gut commensal protozoan determines respiratory disease outcomes by shaping pulmonary immunity.

The underlying mechanisms used by the intestinal microbiota to shape disease outcomes of the host are poorly understood. Here, we show that the gut commensal protozoan, Tritrichomonas musculis (T.mu), remotely shapes the lung immune landscape to facilitate perivascular shielding of the airways by eosinophils.

ABCC2 brush-border expression predicts outcome in papillary renal cell carcinoma: a multi-institutional study of 254 cases.

Aims: Papillary renal cell carcinoma (PRCC) histologic subtyping is no longer recommended in the 2022 WHO classification. Currently, WHO/ISUP nucleolar grade is the only accepted prognostic histologic parameter for PRCC. ABCC2, a renal drug transporter, has been shown to significantly predict outcomes in PRCC.

Intestinal microRNAs and bacterial taxa in juvenile mice are associated, modifiable by allochthonous lactobacilli, and affect postnatal maturation.

The interplay between the intestinal microbiota and host is critical to intestinal ontogeny and homeostasis. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) may be an underlying link. Intestinal miRNAs are microbiota-dependent and, when shed in the lumen, affect resident microorganisms.

ATG16L1 protects from interferon-γ-induced cell death in the small intestinal crypt.

The breakdown of the intestinal mucosal barrier is thought to underlie the progression to Crohn disease (CD), whereby numerous risk factors contribute. For example, a genetic polymorphism of the autophagy gene ATG16L1, associated with an increased risk of developing CD, contributes to the perturbation of the intestinal epithelium. We examined the role of Atg16l1 in protecting the murine small intestinal epithelium from T-cell-mediated damage using the anti-CD3 model of enteropathy.

NLRP1B and NLRP3 Control the Host Response following Colonization with the Commensal Protist .

Commensal intestinal protozoa, unlike their pathogenic relatives, are neglected members of the mammalian microbiome. These microbes have a significant impact on the host's intestinal immune homeostasis, typically by elevating anti-microbial host defense. , a protozoan gut commensal, strengthens the intestinal host defense against enteric infections through - and -dependent Th1 and Th17 cell activation.

Tissue stress from laparoscopic grasper use and bowel injury in humans: establishing intraoperative force boundaries.

Objectives: We aim to determine what threshold of compressive stress small bowel and colon tissues display evidence of significant tissue trauma during laparoscopic surgery.

Design: This study included 10 small bowel and 10 colon samples from patients undergoing routine gastrointestinal surgery. Each sample was compressed with pressures ranging from 100 kPa to 600 kPa.

Enteric glial cell heterogeneity regulates intestinal stem cell niches.

The high turnover and regenerative capacity of the adult intestine relies on resident stem cells located at the bottom of the crypt. The enteric nervous system consists of an abundant network of enteric glial cells (EGCs) and neurons. Despite the close proximity of EGCs to stem cells, their in vivo role as a stem cell niche is still unclear.

Predictors of Malignancy in Patients With Indeterminate Biliary Strictures and Atypical Biliary Cytology: Results From Retrospective Cohort Study.

Background: Atypical cellular features are commonly encountered in patients with indeterminate biliary strictures, which are nondiagnostic of malignancy yet cannot rule it out. This study aims to identify clinical features that could discriminate patients with indeterminate biliary strictures and atypical biliary cytology who may harbor underlying malignancy.

Methods: All patients with an indeterminate biliary stricture and an atypical brush cytology obtained during endoscopic brushings were identified in a large tertiary-care center.

Autophagic Heterogeneity in Gastric Adenocarcinoma.

Background And Aim: Gastric/gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) adenocarcinoma is a heterogeneous disease, with various etiologies and with tumors encompassing a spectrum of histologic and molecular subtypes. "Autophagy" includes two related but distinct homeostatic processes that promote cell survival under adverse conditions, namely macro- and chaperone-mediated autophagy. There is increasing evidence of the roles autophagy may play in tumorigenesis.

Nod1 promotes colorectal carcinogenesis by regulating the immunosuppressive functions of tumor-infiltrating myeloid cells.

Pioneering studies from the early 1980s suggested that bacterial peptidoglycan-derived muramyl peptides (MPs) could exert either stimulatory or immunosuppressive functions depending, in part, on chronicity of exposure. However, this Janus-faced property of MPs remains largely unexplored. Here, we demonstrate the immunosuppressive potential of Nod1, the bacterial sensor of diaminopimelic acid (DAP)-containing MPs.

Lgr5 and stem/progenitor gene expression in gastric/gastroesophageal junction carcinoma - significance of potentially retained stemness.

Background: Gastric/gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) adenocarcinomas are heterogeneous, comprising four molecularly distinct subtypes, namely EBV-positive, microsatellite instability (MSI), chromosomal instability (CIN) and genomically stable (GS) subtypes, and a part of this heterogeneity may hypothesized to be different cells-of-origin. Stem/progenitor cell hierarchy in the stomach is complex, which include the Lgr5 gastric stem cells (GSCs).

Methods: While previous studies have focused on non-nuclear Lgr5 expression, nuclear Lgr5 expression has been reported in a subset of stem cells, and we examined nuclear Lgr5 expression in a local cohort of 95 cases of gastric/GEJ adenocarcinoma.

Blue Light Laser Results in Less Vocal Fold Scarring Compared to KTP Laser in Normal Rat Vocal Folds.

Objectives: Preliminary investigations suggest that a novel blue light (BL) laser with a wavelength of 445 nm is comparable to the commonly utilized potassium titanyl phosphate (KTP) laser (532 nm) for treatment of various laryngeal pathologies. The objective of the current study is to make a direct histological comparison of the degree of vocal fold scarring after either BL or KTP laser treatment in an animal model.

Study Design: This was a randomized controlled study using rats.

Limiting oxidative DNA damage reduces microbe-induced colitis-associated colorectal cancer.

Inflammatory bowel disease patients have a greatly increased risk of developing colitis-associated colon cancer (CAC); however, the basis for inflammation-induced genetic damage requisite for neoplasia is unclear. Using three models of CAC, we find that sustained inflammation triggers 8-oxoguanine DNA lesions. Strikingly, antioxidants or iNOS inhibitors reduce 8-oxoguanine and polyps in CAC models.

Lipocalin 2 links inflammation and ankylosis in the clinical overlap of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and ankylosing spondylitis (AS).

Background: Little is known about the mechanisms underlying the clinical overlap between gut inflammation and joint ankylosis, as exemplified by the concurrence of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) and ankylosing spondylitis (AS). As dysbiosis may serve as a common contributor, the anti-microbial pleiotropic factor lipocalin 2 could be a potential mediator due to its roles in inflammation and bone homeostasis.

Methods: Baseline colonic pathology was conducted in the ank/ank mouse model.

Endoscopic Resection of Ampullary Tumours: Long-term Outcomes and Adverse Events.

Background: The management of ampullary lesions has shifted from surgical approach to endoscopic resection. Previous reports were limited by small numbers of patients and short follow-up. The aim of this study is to describe short- and long-term outcomes in a large cohort of patients undergoing endoscopic ampullectomy.

Correction to: Pathological assessment of endoscopic resections of the gastrointestinal tract: a comprehensive clinicopathologic review.

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.

Pathological assessment of endoscopic resections of the gastrointestinal tract: a comprehensive clinicopathologic review.

Endoscopic resection (ER) allows optimal staging with potential cure of early-stage luminal malignancies while maintaining organ preservation. ER and surgery are non-competing but complementary therapeutic options. In addition, histological examination of ER specimens can either confirm or refine the pre-procedure diagnosis.

Gastrointestinal transcription factors drive lineage-specific developmental programs in organ specification and cancer.

Transcription factors (TFs) are spatially and temporally regulated during gut organ specification. Although accumulating evidence shows aberrant reactivation of developmental programs in cancer, little is known about how TFs drive lineage specification in development and cancer. We first defined gastrointestinal tissue-specific chromatin accessibility and gene expression during development, identifying the dynamic epigenetic regulation of SOX family of TFs.

Histo- and immunohistochemistry-based estimation of the TCGA and ACRG molecular subtypes for gastric carcinoma and their prognostic significance: A single-institution study.

Gastric cancers comprise molecularly heterogeneous diseases; four molecular subtypes were identified in the cancer genome atlas (TCGA) study, with implications in patient management. In our efforts to devise a clinically feasible means of subtyping, we devised an algorithm based on histology and five stains available in most academic pathology laboratories. This algorithm was used to subtype our cohort of 107 gastric cancer patients from a single institution (St.

Isolated Optic Perineuritis as the Presenting Sign of Sarcoidosis.

A 35-year-old healthy African-American woman presented with a 4-month history of gradual loss of vision in the right eye from an optic neuropathy. MRI of the orbits with gadolinium showed isolated thickening and enhancement of the right optic nerve sheath. Chest x-ray and CT-scan of the chest were performed and showed bilateral hilar and mediastinal lymphadenopathy.

Defining the Relationship Between Compressive Stress and Tissue Trauma During Laparoscopic Surgery Using Human Large Intestine.

Excessive magnitudes of compressive stress exerted on gastrointestinal tissues can lead to pathological scar tissue or adhesion formation, bleeding, inflammation or even death from bowel perforation and sepsis. It is currently unknown however, at exactly what magnitude of compressive stress that these pathologies occur. A novel simple compressive device was engineered to provide an objective means of producing discrete compressive stresses on human tissues.

Clinical, endoscopic, and histologic characteristics of lymphocytic esophagitis: a systematic review.

Objective: Lymphocytic esophagitis (LyE) is a novel, yet poorly described, clinicopathologic entity. The aim of this systematic review was to characterize the demographic, clinical, endoscopic, and histologic features of LyE in observational studies of adult and pediatric patients.

Design: We searched the Embase, MEDLINE, and SCOPUS databases for relevant studies in 2018.