A Quantification Method for Disorganized Bone Components: Application to the Femoral Shaft.

Based on the current paradigm, a healthy bone is one with adequate mass without microarchitectural decay. However, these two features may not be sufficient to ensure that a bone is healthy. In addition, components must be correctly assembled and aligned.

Asian ethnicity is associated with atypical femur fractures in an Australian population study.

Asian race, younger age, higher body mass index (BMI) and antiresorptive drugs have all been associated with atypical femur fractures (AFFs). This increased risk of AFF in Asians is important as by 2050, >50% of hip fractures globally will occur in Asia, with an increased demand for antiresorptive drugs being likely. It is also currently unclear whether AFF risk is increased in all Asian subgroups.

Adding Marrow Adiposity and Cortical Porosity to Femoral Neck Areal Bone Mineral Density Improves the Discrimination of Women With Nonvertebral Fractures From Controls.

Advancing age is accompanied by a reduction in bone formation and remodeling imbalance, which produces microstructural deterioration. This may be partly caused by a diversion of mesenchymal cells towards adipocytes rather than osteoblast lineage cells. We hypothesized that microstructural deterioration would be associated with an increased marrow adiposity, and each of these traits would be independently associated with nonvertebral fractures and improve discrimination of women with fractures from controls over that achieved by femoral neck (FN) areal bone mineral density (aBMD) alone.

Sex-specific associations between insulin resistance and bone parameters in overweight and obese older adults.

Objectives: To determine sex-specific associations between insulin resistance and bone parameters measured by peripheral quantitative computed tomography in overweight and obese community-dwelling older adults.

Study Design: Cross-sectional study of 79 community-dwelling overweight and obese adults (mean ± SD age 62.8 ± 7.

Metabolic Syndrome and Its Associations with Components of Sarcopenia in Overweight and Obese Older Adults.

Ageing, obesity and the metabolic syndrome (MetS) may all contribute to poor muscle health (sarcopenia). This study aimed to determine the cross-sectional associations between MetS (International Diabetes Federation classification) and sarcopenia (revised European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People definition) in 84 overweight and obese older adults. Components of sarcopenia included muscle strength (hand grip and leg extension), physical performance (stair climb test and short physical performance battery (SPPB), including gait speed and repeated chair stands time), muscle mass (appendicular lean mass (ALM), dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry), muscle size (peripheral quantitative computed tomography-determined calf and forearm cross-sectional area (CSA)) and muscle quality (muscle density and strength normalised to lean mass).

The Cost of Osteoporosis, Osteopenia, and Associated Fractures in Australia in 2017.

Osteoporosis and osteopenia are increasingly prevalent conditions among older adults. Not only do the fractures associated with poor bone health have significant health consequences for the individual, but also their economic impact is placing increasing financial burden on governments and society. This study aimed to determine the direct economic cost of osteoporosis, osteopenia, and fractures among Australians aged 50 years and older in 2017.

Calf muscle density is independently associated with physical function in overweight and obese older adults.

Objectives: To determine whether associations of calf muscle density with physical function are independent of other determinants of functional decline in overweight and obese older adults.

Methods: This was a secondary analysis of a cross-sectional study of 85 community-dwelling overweight and obese adults (mean±SD age 62.8±7.

Associations of components of sarcopenic obesity with bone health and balance in older adults.

Objectives: To determine characteristics of sarcopenic obesity that are independently associated with bone health and balance in older adults.

Study Design: Cross-sectional study of 168 community-dwelling older adults (mean age 67.7 ± 8.

Effects of combined calcium and vitamin D supplementation on insulin secretion, insulin sensitivity and β-cell function in multi-ethnic vitamin D-deficient adults at risk for type 2 diabetes: a pilot randomized, placebo-controlled trial.

Objectives: To examine whether combined vitamin D and calcium supplementation improves insulin sensitivity, insulin secretion, β-cell function, inflammation and metabolic markers.

Design: 6-month randomized, placebo-controlled trial.

Participants: Ninety-five adults with serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] ≤55 nmol/L at risk of type 2 diabetes (with prediabetes or an AUSDRISK score ≥15) were randomized.

Shining the light on Sunshine: a systematic review of the influence of sun exposure on type 2 diabetes mellitus-related outcomes.

Prospective observational studies uniformly link vitamin D deficiency with the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), yet trials supplementing participants at risk of T2DM with vitamin D to reduce progression to T2DM have yielded inconsistent results. Inconsistencies between supplementation trials may be due to insufficient dosing or small sample sizes. Observational studies may also have reported spurious associations due to uncontrolled confounding by lifestyle or genetic factors.