Publications by authors named "Catherine S Peckham"

Background: Prospective studies of Zika virus in pregnancy have reported rates of congenital Zika syndrome and other adverse outcomes by trimester. However, Zika virus can infect and damage the fetus early in utero, but clear before delivery. The true vertical transmission rate is therefore unknown.

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Our understanding of congenital infections is based on prospective studies of women infected during pregnancy. The EU has funded three consortia to study Zika virus, each including a prospective study of pregnant women. Another multi-centre study has been funded by the US National Institutes of Health.

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Objectives: To analyze mother-to-child HIV transmission (MTCT) rates over time in light of changes in management, demographic, and pregnancy characteristics.

Design: Population-based surveillance data on diagnosed HIV-positive women and their infants are routinely collected in the UK and Ireland.

Methods: A total of 12486 singleton pregnancies delivered in 2000-2011 were analyzed.

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Background: Congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) is an important cause of neurological problems, particularly sensorineural hearing loss, but data on long-term sequelae and the impact of nonprimary maternal infection are limited. We report updated findings on childhood outcomes from 2 large prospective studies.

Methods: Pregnant women in Malmö, Sweden, and London, United Kingdom, were included between 1977 and 1986, and newborns were screened for CMV (virus culture of urine or saliva).

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Objective: To explore the presentation and management of congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) identified through routine clinical investigations, and ascertain outcome in early childhood.

Design: Active population-based surveillance.

Setting: UK and Ireland.

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Purpose: To investigate the hypothesis that the excessive growth of the eye in myopia is associated with general growth and thus influenced by early life biological and social factors, and that these associations underlie recent secular trends of increasing prevalence and severity of myopia.

Design: Cohort study.

Participants: A total of 2487 randomly selected 44-year-old members of the 1958 British birth cohort (27% subsample).

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Objectives: In industrialized countries, there are established programs of childhood vision screening and surveillance, but little is known about their performance. We investigated the patterns of presentation/detection and early treatment of a nationally representative cohort of children with severe visual impairment or blindness (SVI/BL) in 1 year (2000) in the United Kingdom.

Methods: All children who were younger than 16 years and had a new diagnosis of SVI/BL were identified by active surveillance through the British Ophthalmological and Pediatric Surveillance Units.

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Purpose: To investigate how visual function in mid-adult life is associated with health and social outcomes and, using life-course epidemiology, whether it is influenced by early life biological and social factors.

Design: Population-based cohort study.

Participants: Nine thousand three hundred thirty members of the 1958 British birth cohort at age 44 or 45 years.

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Objective: To explore the rate of reported congenital abnormalities in infants exposed to antiretroviral therapy in utero.

Design: Comprehensive national surveillance study in the UK and Ireland.

Methods: Births to diagnosed HIV-infected women are reported to the National Study of HIV in Pregnancy and Childhood.

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Purpose: To describe the prevalence of impaired vision and its relative burden, together with the prevalence of impaired vision-related quality of life (VRQOL), and investigate associations with social outcomes in a contemporary and nationally representative population of working age adults.

Design: Population-based cross-sectional study.

Participants: We included 9330 members of the 1958 British birth cohort at age 44 and 45 years.

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Aim: In the United Kingdom (UK) and Ireland, avoidance of breastfeeding and alternative combinations of antiretroviral therapy regimen and mode of delivery are recommended according to maternal clinical status. The aim of this analysis was to explore the impact of different strategies to prevent mother-to-child transmission at a population level.

Design: Comprehensive national surveillance study.

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Purpose: Myopia is a common complex trait that affects up to 60% of some populations. Its development is influenced by multiple genes and environmental factors. PAX6 and SOX2 are genes with fundamental roles in ocular growth and development, and they have been linked with myopia in a recent linkage study.

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Objective: To explore the association between antiretroviral therapy in pregnancy and premature delivery, birthweight, stillbirth and neonatal mortality, in pregnancies in HIV-infected women delivering between 1990 and 2005.

Design: Pregnancies in women with diagnosed HIV infection in the UK and Ireland are notified to the National Study of HIV in Pregnancy and Childhood (NSHPC) through a well-established surveillance scheme.

Results: The prematurity rate (< 37 weeks gestation) was higher in women on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) (14.

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Aim: To report the usefulness of uncorrected distance visual acuity (DVA) at 16 years to "screen" for myopia status and to assess the lifetime risk of myopia, based on a national birth cohort.

Methods: 1867 members of the 1958 British birth cohort for whom there were data on acuity at 16 years had autorefraction, as part of a biomedical survey, at 45 years. Reduced uncorrected DVA at age 16 years (6/12 or worse in both eyes) was compared with adult refraction (spherical equivalent).

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Antiretroviral therapy (ART) in pregnancy substantially reduces the risk of mother-to-child transmission of HIV, but concerns exist about the potential for teratogenic effects. This analysis was undertaken to explore the relation between ART in pregnancy and birth defects in infants born to HIV-infected women in the United Kingdom and Ireland between 1990 and 2003. Comprehensive obstetric and pediatric HIV surveillance is carried out through the National Study of HIV in Pregnancy and Childhood.

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Background: Rubella infection and congenital rubella are currently rare in the United Kingdom, although sporadic cases occur, often associated with travel abroad. Uptake of the combined measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccine has declined in recent years, and there is a danger that rubella infection could start to circulate again, with serious implications for susceptible pregnant women. This could be a particular problem in communities where there are relatively high rubella susceptibility rates because of either poor vaccine uptake over several years or the presence of significant numbers of recent immigrants from countries without routine rubella vaccination programmes.

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