Simultaneous granular cell tumor and seminoma in the descended testis of a cryptorchid rabbit.

Testicular tumors are rarely reported in rabbits. In this case study, a 4-year-old Holland lop rabbit, previously diagnosed with unilateral cryptorchidism, was presented because of enlargement of the descended testis. The rabbit was clinically normal.

Characteristics, treatment and care of pregnant women living with hepatitis B in England: findings from a national audit.

Around 0.4% of pregnant women in England have chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection and need services to prevent vertical transmission. In this national audit, sociodemographic, clinical and laboratory information was requested from all maternity units in England for hepatitis B surface antigen-positive women initiating antenatal care in 2014.

Vertical transmission of Zika virus and its outcomes: a Bayesian synthesis of prospective studies.

Background: Prospective studies of Zika virus in pregnancy have reported rates of congenital Zika syndrome and other adverse outcomes by trimester. However, Zika virus can infect and damage the fetus early in utero, but clear before delivery. The true vertical transmission rate is therefore unknown.

Researching Zika in pregnancy: lessons for global preparedness.

Our understanding of congenital infections is based on prospective studies of women infected during pregnancy. The EU has funded three consortia to study Zika virus, each including a prospective study of pregnant women. Another multi-centre study has been funded by the US National Institutes of Health.

Modelling the effect of the introduction of antenatal screening for group B (GBS) carriage in the UK.

Objectives: To estimate the potential impact of the addition of culture-based screening for group B streptococcus (GBS) carriage in pregnancy to a risk-based prevention policy in the UK. We aimed to establish agreement within a multidisciplinary group of key stakeholders on the model input parameters.

Design: Deterministic model using a consensus approach for the selection of input parameters.

Earlier initiation of ART and further decline in mother-to-child HIV transmission rates, 2000-2011.

Objectives: To analyze mother-to-child HIV transmission (MTCT) rates over time in light of changes in management, demographic, and pregnancy characteristics.

Design: Population-based surveillance data on diagnosed HIV-positive women and their infants are routinely collected in the UK and Ireland.

Methods: A total of 12486 singleton pregnancies delivered in 2000-2011 were analyzed.

Long-term outcomes of congenital cytomegalovirus infection in Sweden and the United Kingdom.

Background: Congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) is an important cause of neurological problems, particularly sensorineural hearing loss, but data on long-term sequelae and the impact of nonprimary maternal infection are limited. We report updated findings on childhood outcomes from 2 large prospective studies.

Methods: Pregnant women in Malmö, Sweden, and London, United Kingdom, were included between 1977 and 1986, and newborns were screened for CMV (virus culture of urine or saliva).

Outcomes of childhood epilepsy at age 33 years: a population-based birth-cohort study.

Purpose: There is uncertainty about health and socioeconomic outcomes of children with epilepsy, knowledge of adult outcomes, and factors associated with adverse outcomes are essential to guide prognosis, improve management, and determine appropriate allocation of resources.

Methods: A subgroup of 101 children with epilepsy (onset ≤ age 16 years) were previously identified and reported from the 1958 National Child Development Study (NCDS), a national United Kingdom birth cohort study. In the current study we examine outcomes of this unique childhood epilepsy subgroup at age 33 compared to unaffected NCDS cohort members in mental and general health, education and employment, marriage, and parenthood.

Surveillance of congenital cytomegalovirus in the UK and Ireland.

Objective: To explore the presentation and management of congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) identified through routine clinical investigations, and ascertain outcome in early childhood.

Design: Active population-based surveillance.

Setting: UK and Ireland.

Myopia over the lifecourse: prevalence and early life influences in the 1958 British birth cohort.

Purpose: To investigate the hypothesis that the excessive growth of the eye in myopia is associated with general growth and thus influenced by early life biological and social factors, and that these associations underlie recent secular trends of increasing prevalence and severity of myopia.

Design: Cohort study.

Participants: A total of 2487 randomly selected 44-year-old members of the 1958 British birth cohort (27% subsample).

Improving detection of blindness in childhood: the British Childhood Vision Impairment study.

Objectives: In industrialized countries, there are established programs of childhood vision screening and surveillance, but little is known about their performance. We investigated the patterns of presentation/detection and early treatment of a nationally representative cohort of children with severe visual impairment or blindness (SVI/BL) in 1 year (2000) in the United Kingdom.

Methods: All children who were younger than 16 years and had a new diagnosis of SVI/BL were identified by active surveillance through the British Ophthalmological and Pediatric Surveillance Units.

Visual function in working-age adults: early life influences and associations with health and social outcomes.

Purpose: To investigate how visual function in mid-adult life is associated with health and social outcomes and, using life-course epidemiology, whether it is influenced by early life biological and social factors.

Design: Population-based cohort study.

Participants: Nine thousand three hundred thirty members of the 1958 British birth cohort at age 44 or 45 years.

Use of stored dried blood spots for retrospective diagnosis of congenital CMV.

The diagnosis of congenital cytomegalovirus infection cannot be made with certainty in children presenting after the perinatal period, unless stored early samples are available for diagnostic testing. This has led to uncertainty in confirming the overall contribution of CMV to hearing loss and neurodevelopmental impairment. The use of dried blood spots (DBSs) to retrospectively diagnose infection in children with compatible symptoms may be helpful diagnostically although there are ongoing uncertainties regarding the stability of viral DNA in cards, the risk of contamination between cards, and sensitivity and specificity in a clinical setting.

In utero exposure to antiretroviral therapy: feasibility of long-term follow-up.

Most uninfected children born to diagnosed HIV-infected women in the United Kingdom (UK) are exposed to antiretroviral therapy (ART) in utero and neonatally, and concerns exist about potential adverse effects of such exposure. We explored the feasibility of using national clinic-based follow-up to investigate the association between ART exposure and adverse health events occurring after the neonatal period. Active surveillance of obstetric and paediatric HIV infection is conducted through the National Study of HIV in Pregnancy and Childhood (NSHPC).

Socioeconomic deprivation independent of ethnicity increases status epilepticus risk.

Background: A higher incidence of convulsive status epilepticus (CSE) has been reported in nonwhite compared to white populations. Socioeconomic factors can be intricately involved in observed ethnic "effects," and the importance of socioeconomic status on health conditions is widely recognized. Understanding the effect of socioeconomic factors on CSE would provide insights into etiology and management, leading to the development of novel prevention strategies.

Antiretroviral therapy and congenital abnormalities in infants born to HIV-infected women in the UK and Ireland, 1990-2007.

Objective: To explore the rate of reported congenital abnormalities in infants exposed to antiretroviral therapy in utero.

Design: Comprehensive national surveillance study in the UK and Ireland.

Methods: Births to diagnosed HIV-infected women are reported to the National Study of HIV in Pregnancy and Childhood.

Visual impairment and vision-related quality of life in working-age adults: findings in the 1958 British birth cohort.

Purpose: To describe the prevalence of impaired vision and its relative burden, together with the prevalence of impaired vision-related quality of life (VRQOL), and investigate associations with social outcomes in a contemporary and nationally representative population of working age adults.

Design: Population-based cross-sectional study.

Participants: We included 9330 members of the 1958 British birth cohort at age 44 and 45 years.

Perceived and objective measures of the neighbourhood environment and overweight in preschool children and their mothers.

Objectives: The primary aim was to examine the relationships between perceived and objective measures of the neighbourhood environment, measured in late infancy, and subsequent overweight (including obesity) in 3-year-old children and their mothers. The secondary aim was to assess whether moving residence confounded these relationships.

Methods: We analysed data on 8 154 children and their mothers from the UK Millennium Cohort Study who had participated since birth and were living in England.

Treatment of community-onset, childhood convulsive status epilepticus: a prospective, population-based study.

Background: Episodes of childhood convulsive status epilepticus (CSE) commonly start in the community. Treatment of CSE aims to minimise the length of seizures, treat the causes, and reduce adverse outcomes; however, there is a paucity of data on the treatment of childhood CSE. We report the findings from a systematic, population-based study on the treatment of community-onset childhood CSE.

Low rates of mother-to-child transmission of HIV following effective pregnancy interventions in the United Kingdom and Ireland, 2000-2006.

Aim: In the United Kingdom (UK) and Ireland, avoidance of breastfeeding and alternative combinations of antiretroviral therapy regimen and mode of delivery are recommended according to maternal clinical status. The aim of this analysis was to explore the impact of different strategies to prevent mother-to-child transmission at a population level.

Design: Comprehensive national surveillance study.