Placebo effects in randomized trials of pharmacological and neurostimulation interventions for mental disorders: An umbrella review.

There is a growing literature exploring the placebo response within specific mental disorders, but no overarching quantitative synthesis of this research has analyzed evidence across mental disorders. We carried out an umbrella review of meta-analyses of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of biological treatments (pharmacotherapy or neurostimulation) for mental disorders. We explored whether placebo effect size differs across distinct disorders, and the correlates of increased placebo effects.

Role of overnight oximetry in assessing the severity of obstructive sleep apnoea in typically developing children: a multicentre study.

Background And Objective: Cardiorespiratory polygraphy (CRP) is the predominant technology used to diagnose obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) in tertiary centres in the UK. Nocturnal pulse oximetry (NPO) is, however, cheaper and more accessible. This study evaluated the ability of NPO indices to predict OSA in typically developing (TD) children.

Implementing a Respectful Maternity Care Guideline During Childbirth Experiences.

Objective: To measure the impact of an evidence-based guideline on respectful maternity care on nurses' attitudes and beliefs about childbirth practices.

Design: A quality improvement pilot project with a pretest/posttest design examining the attitudes and beliefs of intrapartum nurses about childbirth practices of respectful care.

Setting: High-risk intrapartum unit at a tertiary care center in the southeastern United States.

Placebo effects in mental health disorders: protocol for an umbrella review.

Introduction: Given the high prevalence of mental health disorders and their significant socioeconomic burden, there is a need to develop improved treatments, and to evaluate them through placebo-controlled trials. However, the magnitude of the placebo response in randomised controlled trials to test medications may be substantial, affecting their interpretation. Therefore, improved understanding of the patient, trial and mental disorder factors that influence placebo responses would inform clinical trial design to better detect active treatment effects.

Sleep problems in low income, urban pediatric populations living at different altitudes in Colombia.

Objective: To determine the frequency of sleep problems in low-income, urban pediatric populations in cities at different altitudes in Colombia.

Methods: A descriptive, cross-sectional population-based observational study was conducted in children aged between 2 and 12 years in the low income, urban areas of three cities in Colombia (Santa Marta, Bucaramanga, and Bogotá) located at 15, 959, and 2640 m above sea level, respectively. Sociodemographic data were collected, and the Spanish version of the Pediatric Sleep Questionnaire was used.

Efficacy on sleep parameters and tolerability of melatonin in individuals with sleep or mental disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

We conducted the first systematic review and series of meta-analyses to assess the efficacy and tolerability of melatonin in children/adolescents or adults with sleep or mental health disorders, using the same set of criteria across disorders and ages. Based on a pre-registered protocol (PROPSPERO: CRD42021289827), we searched a broad range of electronic databases up to 02.02.

Breathing Patterns and Oxygenation Saturation During Sleep in Children Habitually Living at High Altitude in the Andes: A Systematic Review.

Background: Human respiratory physiology changes significantly in high altitude settings and these changes are particularly marked during sleep. It is estimated that 170 million people live above 2,500 m in environments where normal sleep parameters differ from those established at sea level or low altitude.

Methods: We conducted a systematic review of publications reporting sleep studies in healthy children living at high altitude.

Segmentation of the foveal and parafoveal retinal architecture using handheld spectral-domain optical coherence tomography in children with Down syndrome.

Background: Down syndrome is a common multigene, multisystem disorder associated with abnormalities of visual function and characteristic changes in the majority of tissues in the eye. Historic descriptions of macular structure in Down syndrome have been variable, but optical coherence tomography allows increasingly detailed characterization of retinal architecture in vivo. We demonstrate the feasibility of retinal imaging in children with Down syndrome using handheld OCT in an outpatient clinical setting, and describe the foveal and parafoveal retinal architecture in this group.

Sleep-Related Rhythmic Movement Disorder in Young Children with Down Syndrome: Prevalence and Clinical Features.

Sleep-related Rhythmic Movement Disorder (RMD) affects around 1% of UK pre-school children. Little is known about RMD in Down syndrome (DS). We aimed to determine: (a) the prevalence of RMD in children with DS aged 1.

AWHONN Members' Recommendations on What to Include in Updated Standards for Professional Registered Nurse Staffing for Perinatal Units.

Objective: To solicit advice from members of the Association of Women's Health, Obstetric, and Neonatal Nurses (AWHONN) on what to include in an update of nurse staffing standards.

Design: Online, single-question survey with thematic analysis of responses.

Setting: Electronic survey link sent via e-mail.

Practice Tools for Screening and Monitoring Insomnia in Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder.

Between 50-80% of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have insomnia, which adversely affects their mental and physical health. However, there is no consensus to-date on suitable tools for insomnia screening and monitoring in daily clinical practice. An expert panel of child neuropsychiatry and sleep specialists, with expertise in children with neurodevelopmental disabilities, recommends: (1) performing insomnia screening of all children with ASD; (2) considering discussion or referral to a sleep specialist when comorbid sleep disorders are suspected.

Chimpanzees balance resources and risk in an anthropogenic landscape of fear.

Human-wildlife coexistence is possible when animals can meet their ecological requirements while managing human-induced risks. Understanding how wildlife balance these trade-offs in anthropogenic environments is crucial to develop effective strategies to reduce risks of negative interactions, including bi-directional aggression and disease transmission. For the first time, we use a landscape of fear framework with Bayesian spatiotemporal modelling to investigate anthropogenic risk-mitigation and optimal foraging trade-offs in Critically Endangered western chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus).

Sleep and Cognition in Children with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) and Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD).

Children with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) and Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) experience significantly higher rates of sleep disturbances than their typically developing peers. However, little is known about the association between sleep and the cognitive phenotype in these clinical populations. Structural damage affecting cortical and subcortical connectivity occurs as a result of prenatal alcohol exposure in children with FASD, whilst it is believed an abundance of short-range connectivity explains the phenotypic manifestations of childhood ASD.

Psychometric Properties and Predictive Value of a Screening Questionnaire for Obstructive Sleep Apnea in Young Children With Down Syndrome.

Study Objectives: Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is common in children with Down syndrome (DS) and is associated with adverse health and cognitive outcomes. Daytime clinical assessment is poorly predictive of OSA, so regular screening with sleep studies is recommended. However, sleep studies are costly and not available to all children worldwide.

Oxygen Saturation in Childhood at High Altitude: A Systematic Review.

It is well known that oxygen saturation as measured by pulse oximetry (SpO) decreases as altitude increases. However, how SpO changes across childhood, and more specifically during sleep/wake states, at different high altitudes are less well understood. We aimed to perform a systematic review of all studies with direct SpO measurement in healthy children living at high altitude (>2500 meters above sea level) to address these questions.

Video Analysis of Parent-Child Interactions in Behavioral Sleep Disorders: Development of a Scoring Algorithm.

Behavioral sleep disorders, including chronic insomnia (CI), are generally assessed by subjective parent interview. However, evidence suggests that parental report of children's overnight behaviors is unreliable, perhaps due to recall bias or confusion due to sleep deprivation. Video technology has been used clinically to capture complex behavioral disorders in children during the day.

Associations of screen time, sedentary time and physical activity with sleep in under 5s: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Sleep is crucial to children's health and development. Reduced physical activity and increased screen time adversely impact older children's sleep, but little is known about these associations in children under 5 y. This systematic review examined the association between screen time/movement behaviors (sedentary behavior, physical activity) and sleep outcomes in infants (0-1 y); toddlers (1-2 y); and preschoolers (3-4 y).

A Novel Approach to Assess Sleep-Related Rhythmic Movement Disorder in Children Using Automatic 3D Analysis.

Unlike other episodic sleep disorders in childhood, there are no agreed severity indices for rhythmic movement disorder. While movements can be characterized in detail by polysomnography, in our experience most children inhibit rhythmic movement during polysomnography. Actigraphy and home video allow assessment in the child's own environment, but both have limitations.