A spheroid weighted-axis converter of vestibular schwannoma size: maximum diameter and cisternal volume.

Objectives: To evaluate spheroid models of vestibular schwannoma (VS) size for bidirectional conversion of maximum diameter in the cistern and 3-dimensional volume.

Study Design: Methodological study.

Setting: Academic tertiary referral center.

Human brain activation during phonation and exhalation: common volitional control for two upper airway functions.

Phonation is defined as a laryngeal motor behavior used for speech production, which involves a highly specialized coordination of laryngeal and respiratory neuromuscular control. During speech, brief periods of vocal fold vibration for vowels are interspersed by voiced and unvoiced consonants, glottal stops and glottal fricatives (/h/). It remains unknown whether laryngeal/respiratory coordination of phonation for speech relies on separate neural systems from respiratory control or whether a common system controls both behaviors.