Current issues and recommendations to manage prescription drug benefits for public health programs.

Higher scrutiny is befalling public payors regarding drug costs and patient access to medications. These issues exist in a complex contractual environment where minimal oversight of pharmacy claim adjudication and reimbursement practices can occur. The complexity of prescription benefits, and the lack of defined expectations or accountability in the system contribute to a sense of frustration by the public.

Understanding heterogeneity in adaptation to retirement: a growth mixture modeling approach.

Previous research has shown that as people transition to retirement they display heterogeneous growth in outcomes. Typically three subgroups are observed, in which people either increase, decrease, or maintain their scores over time. Extending this research, this study investigates whether subgroups exist independent of the retirement event and compares growth in two outcome measures--retirement adjustment and life satisfaction.