Lifestyle interventions in cardiometabolic HFpEF: dietary and exercise modalities.

Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is rapidly growing as the most common form of heart failure. Among HFpEF phenotypes, the cardiometabolic/obese HFpEF - HFpEF driven by cardiometabolic alterations - emerges as one of the most prevalent forms of this syndrome and the one on which recent therapeutic success have been made. Indeed, pharmacological approaches with sodium-glucose cotransporter type 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) and glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1RA) have proved to be effective due to metabolic protective effects.