Vaccine Efficacy of Self-Assembled Multimeric Protein Scaffold Particles Displaying the Glycoprotein Gn Head Domain of Rift Valley Fever Virus.

Compared to free antigens, antigens immobilized on scaffolds, such as nanoparticles, generally show improved immunogenicity. Conventionally, antigens are conjugated to scaffolds through genetic fusion or chemical conjugation, which may result in impaired assembly or heterogeneous binding and orientation of the antigens. By combining two emerging technologies-i.

Coinfection with Haemophilus parasuis serovar 4 increases the virulence of porcine circovirus type 2 in piglets.

Background: Postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) is an emerging disease in swine. Pigs with PMWS are often infected with a variety of other pathogens, including bacteria, viruses and mycoplasm, in addition to porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2). PCV2 and Haemophilus parasuis serovar 4 (HPS4) coinfection remain epidemic in China.

Protection from Hendra virus infection with Canarypox recombinant vaccine.

Hendra virus (HeV) is an emerging zoonotic pathogen, which causes severe respiratory illness and encephalitis in humans and horses. Since its first appearance in 1994, spillovers of HeV from its natural reservoir fruit bats occur on almost an annual basis. The high mortality rate in both humans and horses and the wide-ranging reservoir distribution are making HeV a serious public health problem, especially for people exposed to sick horses.

The B-cell response to foot-and-mouth-disease virus in cattle following vaccination and live-virus challenge.

Antibodies play a pivotal role against viral infection, and maintenance of protection is dependent on plasma and memory B-cells. Understanding antigen-specific B-cell responses in cattle is essential to inform future vaccine design. We have previously defined T-cell-dependent and -independent B-cell responses in cattle, as a prelude to investigating foot-and-mouth-disease-virus (FMDV)-specific B-cell responses.

Effect of sow vaccination against porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) on virological profiles in herds with or without PCV2 systemic disease.

We investigated porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) virological profiles in herds affected (PCVAD-AH, n = 5) or non-affected (PCVAD-NAH, n = 4) by PCV2-associated diseases (PCVAD), before and after 1 y of PCV2 gilt and sow vaccination. Fresh feces from the floor (5 pens/age/farm) and 5 blood samples (1/pen) were collected at 3, 9, 15, 21 wk. Individual feces and blood samples were collected from 5 gilts and 15 sows.

Reproduction of post-weaning multi-systemic wasting syndrome in an animal disease model as a tool for vaccine testing under controlled conditions.

Snatch farrowed, colostrum deprived piglets were inoculated with different combinations of porcine circovirus 2, porcine parvovirus and Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae candidate vaccines. 10 piglets were mock-vaccinated. Following virus challenge with a combined porcine circovirus 2/porcine parvovirus inoculum, all animals were monitored and samples taken for serology, immunohistochemistry and qPCR.

Porcine coronin 1A contributes to nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) inactivation during Haemophilus parasuis infection.

Haemophilus parasuis (H.parasuis) is the etiological agent of porcine polyserositis and arthritis (Glässer's disease) characterized by fibrinous polyserositis, meningitis and polyarthritis, causing severe economic losses to the swine industry. Currently, the molecular basis of this infection is largely unkonwn.

Porcine CD74 is involved in the inflammatory response activated by nuclear factor kappa B during porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV-2) infection.

Human CD74 induces a signalling cascade that results in the activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB); however, porcine CD74 has not been widely studied. In this study, we show that porcine CD74 is mainly expressed in cells of the macrophage lineage and can be induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), polyinosinic acid-polycytidylic acid [Poly(I:C)], and infection with porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) in vitro. In addition, we confirmed that porcine CD74 can activate NF-κB by promoting IκBα degradation and nuclear translocation of p65.

Transcription analysis of the porcine alveolar macrophage response to porcine circovirus type 2.

Background: Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is the causal agent of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS), which has severely impacted the swine industry worldwide. PCV2 triggers a weak and atypical innate immune response, but the key genes and mechanisms by which the virus interferes with host innate immunity have not yet been elucidated. In this study, genes that control the response of primary porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs), the main target of PCV2, were profiled in vitro.

Detection of a porcine boca-like virus in combination with porcine circovirus type 2 genotypes and Torque teno sus virus in pigs from postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS)-affected and non-PMWS-affected farms in archival samples from Great Britain.

In this study we detail the detection and genetic analysis of a novel porcine boca-like virus (PBo-likeV) in archival sera and tissue samples from pigs from farms in Great Britain. We also investigate the distribution of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) genotypes and Torque teno sus virus (TTSuV) genogroups 1 and 2 in combination with this novel PBo-likeV. PBo-likeV was detected in over 70% of all tissues investigated.

Interleukin-4, interleukin-5, and interleukin-13 gene expression in cultured mononuclear cells from porcine circovirus type 2-vaccinated pigs after cells were challenged with porcine circovirus type 2 open reading frame 2 antigen.

Objective: To characterize the kinetics of interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, and IL-13 secretion in peripheral blood and lymph node mononuclear cells isolated from porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2)-vaccinated pigs after cells were challenged with PCV2 open reading frame 2 antigen.

Animals: 10 pigs.

Procedures: 5 pigs were vaccinated with a PCV2 vaccine and received a booster dose 3 weeks later.

Assessment of T-dependent and T-independent immune responses in cattle using a B cell ELISPOT assay.

Understanding the mechanisms that maintain protective antibody levels after immunisation is important for vaccine design. In this study, we have determined the kinetics of plasma and memory B cells detectable in the blood of cattle immunised with model T-dependent or T-independent antigens. Immunisation with the T-D antigen resulted in an expansion of TNP-specific plasma cells post-TNP primary and booster immunisations, which was associated with increased titres of TNP-specific IgG antibodies.

Transcription analysis on response of porcine alveolar macrophages to Haemophilus parasuis.

Background: Haemophilus parasuis (H. parasuis) is the etiological agent of Glässer's disease in pigs. Currently, the molecular basis of this infection is largely unknown.

A nine-base nucleotide sequence in the porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) nucleocapsid gene determines viral replication and virulence.

Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) was retrospectively identified by serology in swine populations as an asymptomatic infection at least 25 years prior to the first reported case of PCV2-associated postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS). To investigate the sudden emergence of PMWS, viral sequences were amplified from frozen archived (1970-1971) porcine tissues and the complete genome of archival PCV2 was determined. The ORF1 gene product (viral DNA replicase) was homologous to contemporary PCV2 ORF1.

Discovery and evolving history of two genetically related but phenotypically different viruses, porcine circoviruses 1 and 2.

Porcine circoviruses (PCVs) belong to the genus Circovirus, family Circoviridae, and are the smallest non-enveloped, single stranded, negative sense, circular DNA viruses that replicate autonomously in mammalian cells. Two types of PCV have been characterised, PCV1 and PCV2 and these two viruses show 83% sequence identity at open reading frame (ORF) 1 and 67% identity at ORF2. PCV1 is a non-pathogenic virus of pigs.