The display and advertising of roll-your-own tobacco at points-of-sale in Argentina, Guatemala, Mexico, and Peru.

Introduction: While roll-your-own tobacco consumption is highest in Europe, increased sales are reported in Latin America. We are unaware of any research that explores the display and advertising of roll-your-own tobacco in this region.

Methods: An observational study was conducted at tobacco-selling points-of-sale (N=2,081) near schools in cities in Argentina, Guatemala, Mexico, and Peru between April and July 2023.

Prevalence and treatment of perinatal anxiety: diagnostic interview study.

Background: Anxiety affects around one in five women during pregnancy and after birth. However, there is no systematic information on the proportion of women with perinatal anxiety disorders who want or receive treatment.

Aims: To examine (a) the prevalence of anxiety disorders during pregnancy and after birth in a population-based sample, and (b) the proportion of women with anxiety disorders who want treatment and receive treatment.

Support for a ban on characterizing flavours in cigarettes in the UK: a longitudinal online survey.

Most European countries have banned flavoured cigarettes. No study has explored whether support for such a ban changes post-implementation. In the UK, a menthol cigarette ban came into force in May 2020.

Socioeconomic deprivation and perinatal anxiety: an observational cohort study.

Background: Women from areas of social deprivation and minority ethnic groups are more likely to experience poor physical health and have higher rates of mental health problems relative to women from less socially disadvantaged groups. However, very little research has examined this in relation to perinatal anxiety. The current study aims to determine prevalence, risk factors and desire for treatment for perinatal anxiety in three regions of the UK with diverse regional characteristics.

Visibility and availability of single cigarettes around schools in four Latin American countries.

Introduction: Single cigarette sales at tobacco-selling points of sale (POS) may promote smoking. We explored visibility and availability of single cigarettes in POS around schools in Argentina, Guatemala, Mexico and Peru, countries where their sale is banned.

Methods: Between April and July 2023, an observational study was conducted at POS around high schools in urban and rural areas in Argentina, Guatemala, Mexico and Peru.

Shaping linguistic input in parent-infant interactions: The influence of the Infant's temperament.

Parent-infant interactions highlight the role of parental input, considering both the quality, infant-directed speech, and quantity of interactions, adult words and communicative turns, in these interactions. However, communication is bidirectional, yet little is known about the infant's role in these interactions. This study (n = 35 4-month-old infants) explores how infant-directed speech, the number of adult words and turn-taking (both measured by the LENA system) are correlated with infants' temperament.

Assessing ultrasound probe stabilization for quantifying speech production contrasts using the Adjustable Laboratory Probe Holder for UltraSound (ALPHUS).

Ultrasound imaging of the tongue is biased by the probe movements relative to the speaker's head. Two common remedies are restricting or algorithmically compensating for such movements, each with its own challenges. We describe these challenges in details and evaluate an open-source, adjustable probe stabilizer for ultrasound (ALPHUS), specifically designed to address these challenges by restricting uncorrectable probe movements while allowing for correctable ones (e.

Clinical and cost-effectiveness of pessary self-management versus clinic-based care for pelvic organ prolapse in women: the TOPSY RCT with process evaluation.

Background: Pelvic organ prolapse is common, causes unpleasant symptoms and negatively affects women's quality of life. In the UK, most women with pelvic organ prolapse attend clinics for pessary care.

Objectives: To determine the clinical effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of vaginal pessary self-management on prolapse-specific quality of life for women with prolapse compared with clinic-based care; and to assess intervention acceptability and contextual influences on effectiveness, adherence and fidelity.

Effect of 3 months and 12 months of financial incentives on 12-month postpartum smoking cessation maintenance: A randomized controlled trial.

Background And Aims: Offering financial incentives is effective for smoking cessation during pregnancy. We tested the effectiveness of financial incentives for maintaining postpartum cessation, comparing 12-month and 3-month incentives with each other and with usual care (UC).

Design, Setting And Participants: This study was a pragmatic, multi-centre, three-arm randomized controlled trial involving four English, National Health Service, stop smoking services.

Cost-Effectiveness of 2 Models of Pessary Care for Pelvic Organ Prolapse: Findings From the TOPSY Randomized Controlled Trial.

Objectives: Pelvic organ prolapse is the descent of one or more reproductive organs from their normal position, causing associated negative symptoms. One conservative treatment option is pessary management. This study aimed to to investigate the cost-effectiveness of pessary self-management (SM) when compared with clinic-based care (CBC).

Association between benzodiazepine coprescription and mortality in people on opioid replacement therapy: a population-based cohort study.

Objective: To investigate the association between opioid replacement therapy (ORT) and benzodiazepine (BZD) coprescription and all-cause mortality compared with the prescription of ORT alone.

Design: Population-based cohort study.

Setting: Scotland, UK.

Assessment of patients with head and neck cancer using the MD Anderson Dysphagia Inventory: Results of a study into its comprehensiveness, comprehensibility and relevance to clinical practice.

Background: The MD Anderson Dysphagia Inventory (MDADI) is a widely used patient-reported outcome measure (PROM) which assesses dysphagia-related quality of life (QoL) in head and neck cancer (HNC). Despite its common use in HNC research and clinical practice, few of its psychometric properties have been reappraised since its inception. The aim of this study was to perform a survey-based qualitative analysis of UK HNC clinicians' perceptions of the content validity of the MDADI, evaluating it across the parameters of relevance, comprehensiveness and comprehensibility as per the COSMIN guideline for PROM assessment.

When is the best time to screen for perinatal anxiety? A longitudinal cohort study.

Background: For screening for anxiety during pregnancy and after birth to be efficient and effective it is important to know the optimal time to screen in order to identify women who might benefit from treatment.

Aims: To determine the optimal time to screen for perinatal anxiety to identify women with anxiety disorders and those who want treatment. A secondary aim was to examine the stability and course of perinatal anxiety over time.

Assessment of perinatal anxiety: diagnostic accuracy of five measures.

Background: Anxiety in pregnancy and after giving birth (the perinatal period) is highly prevalent but under-recognised. Robust methods of assessing perinatal anxiety are essential for services to identify and treat women appropriately.

Aims: To determine which assessment measures are most psychometrically robust and effective at identifying women with perinatal anxiety (primary objective) and depression (secondary objective).

Clinical effectiveness of vaginal pessary self-management vs clinic-based care for pelvic organ prolapse (TOPSY): a randomised controlled superiority trial.

Background: Prolapse affects 30-40% of women. Those using a pessary for prolapse usually receive care as an outpatient. This trial determined effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of pessary self-management (SM) vs clinic-based care (CBC) in relation to condition-specific quality of life (QoL).

The Quality of Life of Patients Living with a Urinary Catheter and Its Associated Factors: A Cross-Sectional Study in Egypt.

Background: In Arabic countries, no research has focused on the experience of patients with indwelling urinary catheters. This cross-sectional study is the first to evaluate the catheter-specific quality of life (QoL) of patients living with a urinary catheter in Egypt.

Methods: This study was conducted from April to September 2017, using a convenience sample of patients from a University Hospital.

Pterygoid muscle activity in speech: A preliminary investigation.

Background: Speaking depends on refined control of jaw opening and closing movements. The medial pterygoid muscle (MPT), involved in jaw closing, and the lateral pterygoid muscle (LPT), involved in jaw opening, are two key mandibular muscles in mastication and are likely to be recruited for controlled movements in speech.

Objectives: Three hypotheses were investigated, that during speech the MPT and LPT: (1) were both active, (2) but exhibited different patterns of activity, (3) which fluctuated with the vowels and consonants in speech.

Long-term effects and costs of pelvic floor muscle training for prolapse: trial follow-up record-linkage study.

Introduction And Hypothesis: Pelvic organ prolapse affects around 40% of women aged over 50 years. A multicentre parallel group randomised trial (the Pelvic Organ Prolapse PhysiotherapY (POPPY) trial) demonstrated that pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) was effective in reducing prolapse symptoms compared with no treatment. However, insight into the long-term impact of PFMT on health outcomes and health-service utilisation is scarce.

Efficacy and safety of brolucizumab versus aflibercept in eyes with early persistent retinal fluid: 96-week outcomes from the HAWK and HARRIER studies.

Objective: Post-hoc analysis to compare the outcomes of brolucizumab 6 mg vs. aflibercept 2 mg in neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) patients with early persistent retinal fluid in HAWK and HARRIER.

Methods: After 3 monthly loading doses, brolucizumab-treated eyes (N = 730) received injections every 12 weeks (q12w) or q8w if disease activity was detected.

Fluid Control in Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration with Brolucizumab: An Analysis of the HAWK and HARRIER Phase 3 Trials.

Introduction: Neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) is characterized by exudation of fluid from abnormally growing blood vessels in the macula. Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapy is standard treatment for nAMD. Fluid resolution is used both as an indicator of disease control and to guide the frequency of treatment because of anti-VEGF therapy effectiveness in reducing neovascularization-related exudation.

Exploring the role of authentic leadership in nursing.

Authentic leadership is a relatively new concept in nursing, with limited studies undertaken into its application in healthcare. Authentic leadership emphasises the importance of the leader being true to their personal core values and developing honest relationships with team members, valuing their contributions, and behaving ethically and transparently. Trust is a central tenet of authentic leadership that aims to lead to increased staff engagement, and enhanced individual and team performance.

Implementation of a national smoke-free prison policy: an economic evaluation within the Tobacco in Prisons (TIPs) study.

Objective: To determine the cost-effectiveness of a smoke-free prison policy in Scotland, through assessments of the trade-offs between costs (healthcare and non-healthcare-related expenditure) and outcomes (health and non-health-related non-monetary consequences) of implementing the policy.

Design: A health economic evaluation consisting of three analyses (cost-consequence, cost-effectiveness and cost-utility), from the perspectives of the healthcare payer, prison service, people in custody and operational staff, assessed the trade-offs between costs and outcomes. Costs associated with the implementation of the policy, healthcare resource use and personal spend on nicotine products were considered, alongside health and non-health outcomes.